Should Veil Be Judgemental In Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should Veil Be Judgemental In Islam - Essay Example It is a sacred fact that in Islam, Purdah is unnecessary for every woman approaching the age of puberty or who has already reached it. Many people and especially the non-Muslims sometimes tend to believe that Hijab is in a way restrictive or rigid and is aimed at keeping the women inferior to men. However, nothing could be far from the truth. Ignorance and misunderstanding happen to be the leading causes behind such beliefs. Purdah on the one side protects the women from exploitation from the strangers and on the other hand enjoins on the women the conditions of morality and purity (Guindi, 1999). Without in any way trying to dilute or disrespect the spirit of this great religion, with all due humility, it will also be true to conclude that many a women who may not adhere to purdah in the strict sense of the term, may still show respect for the innate morality and purity signified by the true intentions behind the cause of purdah. Many people believe that purdah and Hijab ought to be binding on women and any women who refutes the constraints of purdah and Hijab happens, not to be a believer in the true sense of the word. However, though such views do have relevance, it would not be wrong to say that Islam in no way tends to confine and limit the socio-economic status of women to the mere constraints of purdah and Hijab, and has multiple other women centric aims and ambitions, allowing for the full development of a female’s personality. Considering that nobody is perfect, there may not be a dearth of women who though not affiliating to purdah as interpreted by many, may be adhering to a range of Islamic values and morals. With the passage of time, as women are moving forward with the influx of globalization and the opening up of societies, there is no dearth of Muslim women who not only qualify to be called the career women and working mothers, but who also harbor a deep seated intention to inculcate Islamic values in their personal and professional life and identify themselves as practicing Muslims (Abdo, 2000). In fact, the spread of the modern education has opened up the minds of the contemporary Muslim men and women, and one particular thing about the modern Muslim women is that they are increasingly getting reconnected with Islam (Abdo, 2000). Yet, by the virtue of being modern Muslim women, these women also have a pragmatic need to be able to be mobile and practical in the wake of the demands being enjoined on them by their professions. Thereby, demoralizing such women by interpreting the requirements of purdah in a strict and conservative way will certainly not be an act of faith, especially more so when these women have an innate and deep seated respect and allegiance to the Islamic values and morality. For instance, there may be women who may don a veil in their public life, but, who may smoke, drink and dress in an unsuitable manner in their private life, when nobody is observing them. In contrast, there also may be women, who may wear a short scarf out of the need of being mobile and professionally effective, yet, who have the potential to be religious and follow the God’s will in all possible ways except for the scarf. In a practical context, Islam lays stress on the purity of an individual’

Good vs Evil in Gregory Maguire’s “Wicked” Essay Example for Free

Good vs Evil in Gregory Maguire’s â€Å"Wicked† Essay What is good and what is bad seems pretty easy to define. Good is being morally right, an action or a quality that does not cause harm to people, harm to self, nor cause sadness. Goodness benefits others, if not the self, and it causes happiness. Evil is the opposite of good, or the absence of good. But these are only the general meanings of these two concepts. In religion, good and evil are represented by different beings. In Christianity, being good means to please God, the Creator. Jesus Christ is also good, and heaven is where good souls go to. On the other hand, the Devil, being a fallen angel, represents evil, and hell is where bad souls are tortured for eternity. Other religious practices in the world may or may not have divine beings that people worship, but they also have concepts of good and evil. Evil is defined by goodness. If good is defined, bad is automatically defined as well, because bad is, to put simply, not good. For example, if good would be represented by a child who obeys his/her parents, then bad would be a child who does not obey his/her parents. The question is what if the â€Å"bad† child has a reason to not obey his/her parents? What if the reason is besides being bad, such as what if the child disobeyed his/her parents to fulfill a promise to a friend? Good and evil only represents the black and white, but reality tells us that there are also grey areas, some things which are not exactly bad, but not exactly good either. Gregory Maguire’s novel, â€Å"Wicked†, a sort of prequel to the classic children’s novel, L. Frank Baum’s â€Å"Wizard of Oz†, is about good and evil, and these grey areas in between, which are acts done by people which are not good but also not evil. It tells of the story of the infamous Wicked Witch of the West. In the original â€Å"Wizard of Oz† books, the witch is not named, only given the title of The Wicked Witch of the West. Described as green-skinned, wearing black clothes with a black pointed hat, riding on a broomstick, and afraid of water, this witch character became almost a stereotype for all other witches. In â€Å"Wicked†, this witch is given the name Elphaba Thropp, with the first name take from the initials of the original author of â€Å"Wizard of Oz†. One of the first things that readers will notice and perhaps find interesting is the quotations in one of the first pages. Maguire quotes three, one of which is from â€Å"The Wizard of Oz†, about the dialogue between the Wizard and Dorothy. The Wizard requests Dorothy to kill the Wicked Witch of the West, and in return he will help her return to Kansas. This quote may make a child think, given that the child fully understands what is morally right and wrong in the society. Killing is wrong. Why should Dorothy kill the witch? Because she is bad? But killing a bad person will not make a person good. Or does it? Does a wrong action turn into a right action if there is a good reason for committing the action? With this quote, a person who is about to read â€Å"Wicked† will start thinking about the nature of good and evil, and will get the central idea of the book. In the first part of the â€Å"Wicked†, the birth of Elphaba is told. Readers will learn the occurrences when she was born and the background of her parents. From the time she was born, Elphaba had skin of â€Å"undeniable green† (p. 20). She also had sharp fangs that she bit off the finger of the fisherwife when she was still a baby (p. 20). These different characteristics makes her an oddity, and somehow inhuman. For this reason, it is assumed that Elphaba grew up being a victim of prejudice. This prejudice later proved to be an important experience for her, because her intentions and motivations all came from the prejudice and cruelty that she experienced as a child, and even as an adult. Despite this, she grew up smart and curious. She also questions things that most people accept, such as the concept of evil. In a conversation with Galinda, she asks if evil does exist. â€Å"They seemed to be obsessed with locating it [evil]†¦ an evil spring in the mountains, an evil smoke, evil blood in the veins†¦ â€Å"†¦ The early unionists†¦ argued that some invisible pocket of corruption was floating around the neighborhood, a direct descendant of the pain the world felt when Lurline left. Like a patch of cold air on a warm still night. A perfectly agreeable soul might march through it and become infected, and then go and kill a neighbor. But then was it your fault if you walked through a patch of badness? If you couldn’t see it? † (p. 80-81) This is foreboding, because later in the story, Elphaba does â€Å"walk through a patch of badness†, though she does not mean to walk into it.

What Is Organization? Essay -- Management

To organize means to determine what activities are necessary for a specific purpose and to encourage them in groups, which are assigned to individuals. An organisation is a complex social system, which brings together many individuals for a given purpose. It is also an arrangement of personnel to facilitate the accomplishment of a given purpose through the allocation of functions and responsibilities. To further understand the definition of organisation let us consider the definition developed by Max Weber. Like any other field of study, and like organisation themselves, organizational analysis has a tradition. That tradition leans heavily on Max Weber, who is known for his analysis of bureaucracy and authority, topics that will be considered later. Weber also concerned himself with the more general definitions of organisation. In his definition he first distinguishes the "corporate group" from other forms of social organisation (Weber, 1947). The corporate group involves "a social relationship with either closed or limits the admission of outsiders by rules... so far as its order is enforced by the action of specific individuals whose regular function this is, of a chief or `head' and usually also a administrative staff." This aspect of the definition contains a number of elements that need further discussion, since they are basic to most other such definition. In the first place, organisation involves social relationship. That is, individuals interact within the organization. However as the reference to closed or limited boundaries suggests, these individual are not simply in random contact. The organisation (corporate group) includes some parts of the population and exc... ...inciples, developing models of organisation that were overly rational and mechanistic. The Type 2 theorist, to a large degree, represented a counterpoint to the rational-mechanistic view. The current stage of organisation theory more fully reflects the contribution of the type 3. Contingency advocates have taken the insights provided by the earlier theorists and reframed them in a situational context. Nevertheless, we should not conclude that the findings of the earlier management thinkers would be useless in the future. For, example many of the concepts developed by early classical writers are still of value today; the study of the management task in terms of functions performed and the use of management principle as guides to actions are still very much with us and are expected to remain valuable. Few who manage will be able to escape at least some of their impact.

Alberti and urban context

Among Renaissance architects, Leon Batista Alberti was perhaps the most visionary authority on urban context and city planning.Though he was not an urban planner in the modern sense, he had a keen understanding of the city as an integrated, organic whole, and his designs and writings reveal his view that cities should be well-ordered and buildings should integrate themselves smoothly into that overall fabric.   In this regard, he was well ahead of his time and anticipated the ideas of urban context that exist today.Despite his visionary skill and prowess at architecture, Alberti (1404-72) was actually not a professional architect and seems never to have actually even supervised the construction of any of his works.   He was a polymath, or â€Å"Renaissance man† – cultured, well-educated, and well-versed in various academic fields, from art and religion to science and mathematics.According to art historians Ludwig Heydenreich and Wolfgang Lotz, Alberti â€Å"remaine d to the end the adviser who laid down the general lines and occasionally gave instruction for details . . . but he never set one stone on another.†[1]   Biographer Anthony Grafton’s description is even more to the point – â€Å"an impresario of society and space.†[2]Indeed, Alberti lacked the practical building experience most contemporary architects had, mainly because he was trained to advise and administer rather than actually build.   Born illegitimate but privileged in Genoa, he was well-educated as a youth and in 1428 took both a degree in canon law and orders in the Catholic Church.For much of the remainder of his life, Alberti served as an administrator and advisor to the popes, most notably Nicholas V, a friend from youth, who hired him to consult on major building projects in Rome.   Though mostly a career church administrator, Alberti pursued a wide array of intellectual interests and â€Å"presented himself as a master of all the ration al arts of living upon which his contemporaries set great store.†[3]In accordance with the Renaissance’s reverence for ancient Greek and Roman models, Alberti drew heavily from antiquity – not merely for decoration (which he believed should be used sparingly and tastefully, not simply for the sake of decoration alone), but for proportion and, more importantly, placement within a given physical and historical context.For example, in one of his first major works, the church of San Francesco at Rimini (whose renovation and redesign he supervised around 1450), Alberti used exterior motifs drawn from the area’s ancient monuments, varying these to suit the building itself and thus let it reflect the local architectural, cultural, and political contexts.The church’s faà §ade uses simple forms and a scale suited to the buildings around it, because, says Heydenreich, no single person’s vision would dominate that setting: â€Å"[It] was the product o f a collaboration between patron, adviser, and working architects. . . . ‘Local styles’ of this kind occasionally appear, but only where the political structure of the region favours them. . . .†[4]   In this sense, he heralded the post-modernists of the late twentieth century, who believe in urban fabric and context rather simply in designing buildings with no relationship to their surroundings.Alberti’s works in Florence between 1455 and 1470 demonstrate, in Heydenreich’s words, â€Å"[how] deeply the traditional forces in a city can influence the idiom of an architect.†[5]   There, his church of Santa Maria Novello draws heavily from local Tuscan styles and fuses them with a large Roman scale (as mandated by the Pope), making a distinctive building that fits with its prominent neighboring structures.(Though he used local elements freely, Alberti rarely directly imitated other buildings; when he borrowed forms or elements, he tended to f use them with those on nearby structures.)   Also, and perhaps more importantly, it embraces a unity of design, both within itself and in relation to the buildings around it, so that it does not appear incongruous or artificially imposed on its immediate context.Alberti also aimed to site buildings according to surveys he conducted, in keeping with his mathematical and cartographic skills.   Using a measuring disk he created, his survey of Rome (conducted around 1444, when he first entered architecture) â€Å"allowed him to establish the radial coordinates of Rome’s main churches and the towers on the city walls and to plot those in plan.†[1] L Heydenreich & W Lotz, Architecture in Italy, 1400 to 1600, Penguin, London, 1974, p. 27. [2] A Grafton, Leon Batista Alberti, Hill & Wang, New York, 2000, p. 263. [3] Grafton, p. 21. [4] Heydenreich & Lotz, p. 32. [5] Heydenreich & Lotz, p. 33. [6] R Tavernor, On Alberti and the art of building, Yale University Press, New Ha ven, 1998, p. 13.

How NJHS Benefits Your School Essay

I see National Junior Honor Society as great opportunity to hone my leadership skills, earn scholarships, learn and apply new character qualities to my personal life as well in my school life, and as a stepping stone to getting more involved in community service. But along with that, I see it not only as an incredibly beneficial opportunity as a student, but also feel that I would be able to apply the same qualities learned, later in life. Working alongside other students who have the same desire for all the qualities that NJHS stands for would be a privileged experience and to find myself as a candidate of the NJHS would be an honor that I’m certain will have a big impact on my future. To the NJHS, I will be contributing my competence/capability as a runner and my eagerness for assisting those in need. I’ve always wanted to contribute more to my community, and believe that NJHS will provide an excellent opportunity to get more involved in such activities. Along with accomplishing a GPA score of 3.5 or higher, I have also begun running as a member of one of my school’s many clubs. Running has helped me, specifically, in the area of self-confidence and has also helped me to take on a more active leadership position in encouraging others to reach for higher goals themselves. Added to that, as an older sibling in a large family, I’ve also come to realize, over the years, that patience and the tenacity to persist are paramount and valuable qualities in a good leader and has led to me successfully prioritizing my responsibilities and has, on numerous occasions, helped me to do my best in everything. i see national junior honor society as great opportunity to hone my leadership skills earn scholarships learn and apply new character qualities to my personal life as well in my school life and as a stepping stone to getting more involved in community service. but along with that i see it not only as an incredibly beneficial opportunity as a student but also feel that i would be able to apply the same qualities learned later in life. working alongside other students who have the same desire for all the qualities that njhs stands for would be a privileged experience and to find myself as a candidate of the njhs would be an honor that im certain will have a big impact on my future. to the njhs i will be contributing my competence/capability as a runner and my eagerness for assisting those in need. ive always wanted to contribute more to my community and believe that njhs will provide an excellent opportunity to get more involved in such activities. along with accomplishing a gpa score of 3.5 or higher i have also begun running as a member of one of my schools many clubs. running has helped me specifically in the area of self-confidence and has also helped me to take on a more active leadership position in encouraging others to reach for higher goals themselves. added to that as an older sibling in a large family ive also come to realize over the years that patience and the tenacity to persist are paramount and valuable qualities in a good leader and has led to me successfully prioritizing my responsibilities and has on numerous occasions helped me to do my best in everything. for the last several years ive regularly participated in playing the piano at nursing homes cleaning out junk and debris from elderly peoples backyards babysat for friends etc. i enjoy helping out and feel that specifically the leadership gained from njhs would provide me with a more efficient way of serving the community. im certain that being a member of njhs will continually challenge me to improve and upgrade my personal standards whether it is my talents or knowledge in education. i also believe that being selected as a candidate for njhs would encourage me to continue to strive for academic excellence. the standards for ingress into the njhs are scholarship character leadership and service and i believe that i am fully capable enough to be chosen as a representative into this organization. all the way though this year as a haas hall scholar i consider myself as having displayed/bespoken all four of these hallmark qualities. For the last several years, I’ve regularly participated in playing the piano at nursing homes, cleaning out junk and debris from elderly people’s backyards, babysat for friends, etc. I enjoy helping out and feel that, specifically, the leadership gained from NJHS would provide me with a more efficient way of serving the community. I’m certain that being a member of NJHS will continually challenge me to improve and upgrade my personal standards, whether it is my talents or knowledge in education. I also believe that being selected as a candidate for NJHS would encourage me to continue to strive for academic excellence. The standards for ingress into the NJHS are scholarship, character, leadership, and service, and I believe that I am fully capable enough to be chosen as a representative into this organization. All the way though this year, as a Haas Hall scholar, I consider myself as having displayed/bespoken all four of these hallmark qualities.

Chinese Immigrater essays

Chinese Immigrater essays Interrogations of Chinese Immigrants at Angel Island Like Ellis Island in New York Harbor, Angel Island in San Francisco Bay was an entry point for immigrants in the early 20th century. The Angel Island immigration station processed small numbers of immigrants from Japan, Italy, and other parts of the world and was the key place of interrogation and detention for immigrants from China ("Angel Island Over View, CD-ROM). Angel Island in 1910 to enforce the Chinese Exclusion Act passed in 1882 and renewed in 1892 and 1902. Despite Chinese contributions to building the American West before 1880, the U.S. enacted laws prohibiting the migration of Chinese laborers after 1882 and accepting only merchants, teachers, students, and the families of American-born Chinese. These were then 105,465 Chinese in the country, mostly in California. Under the Naturalization Law of 1790, Chinese immigrants were considered "aliens ineligible to cintizenship," but those born in the U.S were citizens under the 14th amendment. Modeled in its procedures o n Ellis Island, Angel Island was an outpost to sift the migration stream but also a barrier to bar Chinese save those who fit the exempt categories or were related to U.S citizens ("Angel Island Overview", CD-Rom). Chinese immigration, after being shut down for many years by governmental legislation and an anti-Chinese climate resumed quickly after 1906. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroyed most immigration records in the city, allowing many resident Chinese to claim U.S citizenship and many others to claim to be "paper sons." Chinese Americans who returned from visits home and reported births of sons and daughters thereby created slots, which were often used to bring in immigrants who masqueraded as sons or daughters. By this strategem, thousands of Chinese skirted intended American exclusion ("Male Detainees at Angel Island", CD-Rom). These paper sons and paper merchants increased the numbe...

Most Abundant Element in the Universe, Earth, and Body

Most Abundant Element in the Universe, Earth, and Body The most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen, which makes up about 3/4 of all matter! Helium makes up most of the remaining 25%. Oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe. All of the other elements are relatively rare. The chemical composition of Earth is quite a bit different from that of the universe. The most abundant element in the Earths crust is oxygen, making up 46.6% of Earths mass. Silicon is the second most abundant element (27.7%), followed by aluminum (8.1%), iron (5.0%), calcium (3.6%), sodium (2.8%), potassium (2.6%). and magnesium (2.1%). These eight elements account for approximately 98.5% of the total mass of the Earths crust. Of course, the Earths crust is only the outer portion of the Earth. Future research will tell us about the composition of the mantle and core. The most abundant element in the human body is oxygen, making up about 65% of the weight of each person. Carbon is the second-most abundant element, making up 18% of the body. Although you have more hydrogen atoms than any other type of element, the mass of a hydrogen atom is so much less than that of the other elements that its abundance comes in third at 10% by mass. Source​Element Distribution in the Earths Crust

Most Common Book or Essay Organization Patterns

Most Common Book or Essay Organization Patterns To improve your ability to understand a difficult book or passage, you might start by finding the organization pattern. This may sound more difficult than it is. There are a few ways that writers can choose to organize their work, and the organization depends very much on the topic. If you were writing a description of your bedroom, for example, you would most likely use a spatial organization pattern. In other words, you would most likely start by describing one space and move on to another space, and keep going until youve covered the entire room. Spatial organization would be a suitable type of pattern for real estate professionals to use when describing a property.   Then again, if you were required to describe the events that led up to a certain event in history, your most likely organization pattern would be chronological. Chronological refers to the order that things happen in time. You might describe the legislation that set the stage for a particular event, followed by the public response to that legislation, and followed again by social conditions that changed because of the previous events. So, one of the first things you should do when trying to understand a difficult text is to figure out the particular organization pattern. This helps you frame the entire work in your brain or on paper, as when youre writing  an outline. Chronological Organization A chronological organization is used by writers when they want to describe what happened or happens in a particular order. Your entire history book is most likely written in a chronological patter. Some of the types of work that might follow this patter include the following. You can see that this type of organization is best when describing things that happen over time. History chaptersBiographiesSummer vacation essaysLegal case studies Logical Organization A logical organization might be used in many ways. Logical organization refers to works that express a point or position using evidence. Argument essaysComparison essays Functional Organization A functional organization system is used to explain how or why things work. The following types of writing might use this organization pattern most effectively. How-to essaysStep-by-step essaysInstruction manuals  Recipes Spatial Organization Spatial organization is used in essays that describe or give direction concerning a physical location. DirectionsDescriptionsLayoutsAnatomy essayDescriptions in fiction The purpose of developing and understanding organization patters is to help our brains set the stage and know what to expect. These patterns help us to build a framework in our minds and place information in the correct places on that framework. Once you determine the overall organization of any text, youll be better equipped to process information as you read. When writing your essays and chapters, you should keep your intended organizational pattern in mind as you work, to provide your readers with a clear message that is easily processed.

Appearance May Not Be Reality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Appearance May Not Be Reality - Research Paper Example It is illegal to report data falsely. General hospital would be liable if patients such as, the Jones family, sustained infection after seeking treatment from the hospital (Pozgar, 2013). Several elements of the ACHE code of ethics would help an administrator of General hospital in determining the right course of action to take. One of those elements is the one that encourages healthcare management to disclose conflicts of interest. Another element appropriate to this case is one that admonishes healthcare executives to desist from taking part in activities that are demeaning to the credibility and dignity of the profession of the management of healthcare. The administrator can invoke the element of the ACHE code of ethics that calls for them to ensure patients are informed about opportunities, responsibilities and risks involved in certain healthcare services. A General hospital administrator should also implore the guidance of the ACHE code of ethics that would help resolve any conflict that would emerge between patients and the organization’s personnel. Additionally, it would be appropriate to refer to the ACHE code of ethics that promotes the need to have evidence-based clinical practices in a healthcare organization. The administrator’s course of action should be guided by the element that promotes the use of sound business practices. It is advisable for the administrator to follow the element on truthful dissemination of information (ACHE, 2014). Members of General Hospital’s ethics committee should push an assessment of hospital staff awareness and attitudes towards bioethics. These members should convene departmental meetings to discuss the issue of faulty reporting. Ethics committee members should liaise with nursing managers in working a way out of the problem created by the issue. They need to reach out to ethics committees of other healthcare organizations and learn

Calculus Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Calculus Concepts - Assignment Example For instance, a function y +3x +2 = 0 is expressed with both dependent and independent variables. Although implicit functions can be converted to explicit functions, it may result to a complex function which may be hard to solve. Implicit differentiation is useful in differentiating implicit functions (functions not in the form y = f(x)). Given a function say , implicit differentiation demands we differentiate all elements of the equation with respect to x, even y variables but not treating y as a constant. This would give: In the second education, all functions of y are differentiated using chain rule where . Once the differential is performed is made the subject of the formula. Implicit differentiation is useful in performing implicit functions. Instead of putting y the subject of the formula and making the function a complex one, implicit differentiation assists in simplifying implicit functions. Logarithmic functions are useful in solving differential problems that involve complex product or quotient rule. In logarithmic differentiation, the function is expressed in the form of the natural logarithm, and it is implicitly differentiated. Given a function with a lengthy product that would give a huge sum while using the product rule, logarithmic differentiation comes in handy. For instance; One of the applications of Calculus is in curve sketching. Curve sketching involves using specific values of functions to estimate its structure. In curve sketching, we have the absolute maximum and a local maximum. The main difference between the two is that the absolute maximum is the maximum value of the function that takes over the whole domain. This means that in a given range, the absolute maximum is the largest value of the function obtained by performing a differentiation of the functions and equating it to zero. On the other hand, the local maximum is the largest value of the functions on a given section but not on the entire domain. The given image below

History Paper on the Portrayal of Women in Advertising Research

History on the Portrayal of Women in Advertising - Research Paper Example In this context, it can be stated that portrayal of women in advertising is nothing new. The gender-based advertisement has shown a growing trend and has become more diverse over the years. It is a known fact that repetitive themes shown in advertisement influence the perception of people and society to a great extent. The mode of advertisement using media and print media such as magazines has shown profound transition over centuries. Notwithstanding, it is often argued that the role of women in advertising are much narrower than that of men. In this regard, many scholars have claimed that advertising characters of women are portrayed as subordinates to men and in a passive role. Sexual portrayal and sexuality has been used in advertisement since long. The gender stereotype was clearly visible earlier centuries and the role of women in advertising profoundly affected the perception of society towards women (Jacobson and Mazur 75-82). Historically, women in advertising had been represented as a sex object and had been subject to widespread exploitation. Besides, gender biases and racial biases were clearly apparently in the historical context with respect to women advertising. The image of women during the earlier centuries particularly in 19the century extremely suffered in the society due to objectification as well as sexism. It is evident that women are used in advertisement and their image is sometimes manipulated and distorted in order to promote women as a stereotype sex object. This is again due to the fact that women were given no power in the earlier days. The theme of using women as a sexual object initiated in the year 1850 when women were used and exposed to sell the product. For instance, the portrayal of nude women for the sale of tobacco in the 1850’s was normal due to the perception and mindset of people. Gender role was high in the initial years when advertisement through television or mag azines initiated. The

National Assemblies of Kuwait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

National Assemblies of Kuwait - Essay Example 97). The subsequent National Assembly election was conduct in 1971, and it also produced an assembly that was deemed compliant with the wishes of the ruling family. Most of the former nationalist leaders, including al-Khatib, failed to re-enter the assembly. However, the 1971-1975 National Assembly made its voice heard during negotiations with major oil companies. It was during this session of the National Assembly that the opposition to Kuwaiti participation with the KOC began, starting Kuwait’s path towards nationalizing oil resources (p. 97). Nationalization of oil happened under the National Assembly of 1975, which also enthusiastically opposed other policies of the Amir. Finally, wary of the impact that a vibrant opposition would have on the ruling family, as well as with relations between Kuwait and other Arab states that disapproved of assemblies and the resulting Arab nationalist opposition groups, the Amir dissolved the assembly in 1976 (p.97). Kuwait remained without an assembly until elections were held in 1981. While they were relatively free and fair, the government subtly supported Islamist leaders as a counter-balance to the nationalists the government was still uncomfortable with. This meant that opposition pioneer al-Khatib was unable to rejoin the assembly again. Islamists formed the opposition core, while pro-administration Bedouins also made gains. The assembly was vocal in its opposition to the government to various government policies, including legislative-executive relations (p. 98). The next assembl y elections in 1985 saw the government encourage nationalists and Bedouins to run so as to reduce the Islamist influence. This assembly resulted in the formation of nationalist and Islamist opposition blocks that coordinated to block government bills. So effective was this assembly in opposing the government that, yet again, it

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 101

Essay Example This study goes further and defines performance as the actions of a speaker. Performance is the situation where a speaker is able to convey information through actions. In Brown’s report, competence has been referred to as i-language, which is the language in the brain. This is similar to the earlier definition of competence. Bloom also defines performance as e-language. This refers to language that is externalized. According to the three perspectives, performance is the actual saying of a word or a sentence. This is the sound that is articulated and made. Competence is the ability of a speaker to produce a word or a sentence. It is what is known about a word or a sentence. Linguistics has been described as the science that study language. This is because Linguists carry out experiments to obtain results that act as a basis for the various conclusions made about different aspects of language. The difference between descriptive and prescriptive approaches to language has also been brought out clearly. We see that the descriptive strategy normally has its basis on the past. It makes conclusions about a certain language depending on past state of issues. On the other hand the prescriptive strategy puts all factors into consideration while analyzing various criteria. The prescriptive strategy takes the second best option in choosing the strategy that could be applied realistically. A synchronic view to linguistics has been explained as a view that analyses a linguistic phenomenon at a given time (Aitchison,j.1992). On the other hand, diachronic analysis considers a certain phenomenon in terms of changes that have taken place over a given time duration. These definitions appear to be almost similar in the three cases that have been

National Assemblies of Kuwait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

National Assemblies of Kuwait - Essay Example 97). The subsequent National Assembly election was conduct in 1971, and it also produced an assembly that was deemed compliant with the wishes of the ruling family. Most of the former nationalist leaders, including al-Khatib, failed to re-enter the assembly. However, the 1971-1975 National Assembly made its voice heard during negotiations with major oil companies. It was during this session of the National Assembly that the opposition to Kuwaiti participation with the KOC began, starting Kuwait’s path towards nationalizing oil resources (p. 97). Nationalization of oil happened under the National Assembly of 1975, which also enthusiastically opposed other policies of the Amir. Finally, wary of the impact that a vibrant opposition would have on the ruling family, as well as with relations between Kuwait and other Arab states that disapproved of assemblies and the resulting Arab nationalist opposition groups, the Amir dissolved the assembly in 1976 (p.97). Kuwait remained without an assembly until elections were held in 1981. While they were relatively free and fair, the government subtly supported Islamist leaders as a counter-balance to the nationalists the government was still uncomfortable with. This meant that opposition pioneer al-Khatib was unable to rejoin the assembly again. Islamists formed the opposition core, while pro-administration Bedouins also made gains. The assembly was vocal in its opposition to the government to various government policies, including legislative-executive relations (p. 98). The next assembl y elections in 1985 saw the government encourage nationalists and Bedouins to run so as to reduce the Islamist influence. This assembly resulted in the formation of nationalist and Islamist opposition blocks that coordinated to block government bills. So effective was this assembly in opposing the government that, yet again, it

Research Critiques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Research Critiques - Essay Example Questions asked of the students determined their understandings of plagiarism, the hardships they had to undergo to avoid plagiarism, and how they have learned to write without plagiarizing.iv Phase two concerned the development of learning materials. The materials developed were evaluated with undergraduate psychology students, some of whom had participated in Phase one. Much like the focus groups in Phase one, the number of sessions was determined by the data.v The latter phase then incorporated the student feedback into the design of the learning materials. The research design included a number of processes whereby feedback was ascertained from students and teaching staff, to ensure the applicability and usefulness of the materials and their responsiveness to students' needs. The results of the study stated in Phase one represented the students' understandings of plagiarism particularly on defining plagiarism, difficulties in writing to avoid plagiarism, strategies to avoid plagiarism, and student suggestions for course improvement. The results in Phase two represented the development and evaluation of the learning materials. Based on the findings three tutorials and a 'tip sheet' were developed. The Tip sheet provided students with a practical guide on the definition of plagiarism and suggestions for its avoidance when writing [for this particular subject, psychology].vi Information is outlined on the following six areas: time management, note taking, critical reading, paraphrasing, referencing, and practice. The researchers finally proposed learning materials that sees a number of advantages over alternate methods of plagiarism reduction: 1) The inclusion of the materials into an introductory unit is preventive rather than reactive; 2) Providing all students with materials as a component of the course is a universal rather than selective approach; vii 3) The materials can be easily adapted to alternative teaching modes of delivery such as print based external and online modes; 4) The materials can be incorporated into units without changing the assessment, official unit outlines, and so on; 5) Although the materials were developed for psychology students, the materials could be adapted to meet the needs of students in other schools and departments; and 6) Once the materials have been implemented into the course, their advantages can be sustained without further staff time commitment. The researchers said the same cannot be said for the provision of additional tutorials, workshops, and programs outside of class time. Article 2 Storch, J. B;Storch, E. A; &Clark, P. (2002, Nov/Dec). Academic dishonesty and neutralization theory: A comparison of intercollegiate athletes and non-athletes. Journal of College Student Development. Retrieved February 9, 2006 from: http://www.looksmartgradschools.com/p/articles/mi_qa3752/is_200211/ai_n9165977#continue The purposes of this study were: (1) to examine the self-reported frequency of academic dishonesty in a sample of student

Non Probability Sampling Methods Essay Example for Free

Non Probability Sampling Methods Essay Non-probability sampling is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample. In this type of sampling, items for the sample are selected deliberately by the researcher; his choice concerning the items remains supreme. Non-Probability Sampling Methods: The common feature in non probability sampling methods is that subjective judgments are used to determine the population that are contained in the sample. The common groups are discussed below; 1. Convenience Sampling 2. Judgement Sampling 3. Quota Sampling 4. Snowball sampling Convenience Sampling This type of sampling is used primarily for reasons of convenience, researchers might either be in need of urgent data so cannot conduct a thorough research or it is simply to satisfy ones curiosity about a subject. This form of sampling is used mostly in marketing studies. For example; a new yoghurt processing company is interested in knowing opinions about the new product (issues like flavour of the yoghurt, consistency of the yoghurt and packaging). The perception is to produce what would best appeal to the customers. A private researcher has been hired and he asks his neighbours (convenient sample) their opinion about the yoghurt. Judgement Sampling The researcher’s personal judgement guides the selection criteria; his discretion that the selected members are representative of the entire population guides the findings. It is used mainly in product tests. For example a research team has been constituted to conduct a survey, if one of the members drops out; the principle investigator has the right to appoint a replacement. This would be done at the discretion of the principle investigator. 6.3.1.3 Quota Sampling This is a very commonly used sampling method in marketing research studies. Here the sample is selected on the basis of certain basic parameters such as age, sex, income and occupation that describe the nature a population so as to make it representative of the population. The Investigators or field workers are instructed to choose a sample that conforms to these parameters. The field workers are assigned quotas of the number of units satisfying the required characteristics on which data should be collected. However, before collecting data on these units, the investigators are supposed to verify that the units qualify these characteristics. Suppose we are conducting a survey to study the buying behavior of a product and it is believed that the buying behavior is greatly influenced by the income level of the consumers. We assume that it is possible to divide our population into three income strata such as high-income group, middle-income group and low-income group. Further it is known that 20% of the population is in high income group, 35% in the middle-income group and 45% in the low-income group. Suppose it is decided to select a sample of size 200 from the population. Therefore, samples of size 40, 70 and90 should come from high income, middle income and low income groups respectively. Now the various field workers are assigned quotas to select the sample from each group in such a way that a total sample of 200 is selected in the same proportion as mentioned above. 6.3.1.4 Snowball Sampling  · The sampling in which the selection of additional respondents (after the first small group of respondents is selected) is based upon referrals from the initial set of respondents.  · It is used to sample low incidence or rare populations  · It is done for the efficiency of finding the additional, hard-to-find members of the sample. 6.3.1.5 Advantages of Non-probability Sampling  · It is much cheaper to probability sampling.  · It is acceptable when the level of accuracy of the research results is not of utmost importance.  · Less research time is required than probability samples.  · It often produces samples quite similar to the population of interest when conducted properly. 6.3.1.6 Disadvantages of Non-probability Sampling  · You cannot calculate Sampling error. Thus, the minimum required sample size cannot be calculated which suggests that you (researcher) may sample too few or too many members of the population of interest.  · You do not know the degree to which the sample is representative of the population from which it was drawn.  · The research results cannot be projected (generalized) to the total population of interest with any degree of confidence.

Child Soldiers Essay

Child Soldiers Essay What is a Child Soldier? Is using Child Soldiers really ok? Some may say that it’s alright to use child soldiers while others are trying to stop some countries in our world from using children as soldiers. Child soldiers are being used in our world today, these children are used to be spies, decoys, cooks, in the front lines of the battles and the girls are many times used as sex slaves. To become a child soldier many times the children are kidnapped from their homes and forced to kill their own family so they won’t have a home to return to. Many people in our world today do not agree with militaries using children to fight battles because it is ruining the lives children and also it is not fair to put a child fighting against a grown man or woman. The United Nations or the UN is trying to put a stop to children being used as soldiers and they have made a goal to have no child soldiers in the world by 2016. Many people believe that using child soldiers is very wrong and messed up, yet some countries use children as soldiers. The number of children being used as soldiers in our world has been growing every year. In our world today the number of child soldiers being used in wars i s close to 250, 000 children. Of all the child soldier in this world about 60% of them are boys and about 40% are girls. Back in the old days when guns were not as popular as they are in today’s world, child soldiers were not as popular. They weren’t as popular because the weapons used during wars were swords or large knifes which were much too heavy for a child to use against an enemy and would not have a chance against an actual adult soldier. Although in our world today the child soldiers are able to use assault rifles that are light enough for a child to handle. The assault rifles that are commonly found being used by the child soldiers are the M16 and the AK47 because these weapons are very light as well as very simple to operate. These weapons are so simple to use that a child soldier at an age of 10 years old can disassemble and reassemble it in a matter of minutes. Groups will use child soldiers during wars because nobody in the world wants to kill a child duri ng a war. The reason children are used as soldiers is because they are very easy to brainwash and manipulate. When an army or group has a child as a soldier they do not need to pay the child as much as they would have to pay adults in the army. Children also have not developed a full sense of danger so the army does not need to worry very much about the children running away from the battle. Since the children do not eat as much as adults the army does not need to spend a lot of money on food. Another reason militaries like to use children as soldiers is because they can be used as spies or even decoys because children can more easily blend into a crowd than an adult spy could because most people look at a child and don’t think they could do any harm to anyone or be an enemy. Children are very vulnerable to recruitment by groups or armies if they are not educated, poor, not with a family, or they live in a war zone. Many children do not volunteer to join these militaries that have child soldiers but instead they have been forcibly recruited by the militaries. Even though many governments have declared that using children as a soldier is illegal, rebel groups and armies still use children as soldiers. Many times in today’s world children are abducted from their homes and these children mainly come out of the country’s poorest villages and cities. A village may be forced to give a required number of their children to the army or group and in return they would be safe from any attacks by that army or group; a tactic that was made popular by the Lord’s Resistance Army which, is a rebel group that originated in Uganda that is known for using children as soldiers. Some children would be forced by their parents to volunteer because the paren ts could afford to pay for the food and shelter of their children, so if the children went into one of these armies then the child would at least be able to have food and water. Sometimes, the group will say that if the child joins the army then the child will be granted protection, food, and even payment but, most of the time the children aren’t given everything they were told they would get. When soldiers are going to go and get new child soldier recruits they many times make the child kill a member of their own family so then they would not be able to back to their family. â€Å"Once recruited, children undergo varying degrees of indoctrination, often verging on the brutal†¦..Some rebel groups in Cambodia and Mozambique turned children into fierce warriors by subjecting them to a brief period of terror and physical abuse—socializing them into violence.† Since many of these children have been outlawed by their village, have been brutal beaten both physically and mentally as well as being drugged multiple times, they are able to go to different villages and do the same thing to other children and recruit them because they have been brainwashed. Girls are used as well but not found as often in the gun fights like the boys. The girls are instead mainly used as cooks and fetching water for the soldiers. Unfortunately the young girls are very vulnerable the re for they are often used for sexual pleasures by the soldiers. (Children as Soldiers.Children as Soldiers. UNICEF, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014). The effects on the children after what they have done and been through will stick with them longer than it took their physical scars to heal and for them to recover from their drug addictions. Many of these children don’t think anything of the violent acts they commit, whether that is beating someone or killing someone they do not see what they are doing is wrong. This can damage the child’s brain for the rest of their life because when they were committing all of the violence, their brain was in its developing stages. Even when the children that were one of the child soldiers have escaped or set free, the children cannot return back to the their villages and families because they have been outlawed by their community. These children have been outlawed from their village because when the children were being recruited for the army they had to kill a family member of theirs in order to join. A good amount of the girls that are child soldiers can’t return to their v illages because while they were a child soldier they became pregnant from one of the soldiers and now have a baby, which their village would not allow inside the village. Almost all of the child soldiers have little or no education since they missed so many years of school in the early years of their life. Since they do not have much of an education they do not have a very promising future ahead of them so they will go back to these groups that originally recruited them so that they will at least be able to have food and water. â€Å"In June 2013 the UN set a goal to have no child soldiers anywhere in the world by 2016.There are eight Government armies listed for the recruitment and use of children and six of them have already committed to making their armies child ­free. In 2012, South Sudan, Myanmar, Somalia and the Democratic Republic of Congo signed action plans with the United Nations. The previous year, Afghanistan and Chad made similar commitments. Discussions initiated with the Governments of Yemen and Sudan are expected to lead to action plans in the near future.† Even though most of these governments have outlawed the use of children as soldiers, rebel groups within these countries will still continue to use children as soldiers, (Child Soldiers. Child Soldiers. War Child, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2014). The Child Soldiers International is a group of people from around the world that are working together to make sure that all children under the age of 18 are allowed to live in peace, have their rights and grow up in an area where they can thrive and reach their full potential. They believe that if this is to happen then children must be protected from being in any form of military and stay out of the wars. Child Soldiers International says that a child is anyone under the age of 18 years old; also these children must be protected because they are in their most important developmental stages of their lives, where they develop what is morally right or wrong and maturity both physically and psychologically. This international group has set an international law stating that a child under the age of 18 cannot be recruited to be in any form of military or armed group. The use of children through both civil wars and country wars has been obvious over the years. Many times the leaders of these groups and armies give the children false hopes and promises, the children are drugged to kill other people and even kill their own family. Even though using children as soldiers is looked down upon people in our world don’t see the harm it does to the children, they just look at how the children will help them. â€Å"Despite this, in the last ten years over two million children have been killed, over one million orphaned, over six million have been left seriously injured or permanently disabled and over 10 million have been diagnosed with psychological trauma.† There are two arguments when it comes down to the topic of whether child soldiers should be held responsible for their violent acts, (Child Soldiers: Invisible Children Child Soldiers- Defining the Topic. Child Soldiers: Invisible Children. Weebly, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2014). One side of the argument says that child soldiers should not be help responsible for their actions. They should not be held accountable because many of them did not have a choice of whether or not they wanted to become a child soldier. Also while they were child soldiers they were brainwashed through the use of drugs. The drugs would allow the child soldier to commit violent acts and not think acts were wrong. Some children would join to get food and water but never would have thought that they would have to do any actual fighting. The other side of the argument is that child soldiers should be held responsible for the violent acts they have committed. Some believe that child criminals and child soldiers are the same thing in a way and should be treated the same and be prosecuted. Child soldiers have been accountable for some of the most disturbing, brutal, and violent acts during a time of war, for example raping and killing large amounts of innocent people in villages and cities. Child soldiers are still being put in jail and put on trial, even though International Criminal Court Article 26 states that anyone under the age of 18 may not be prosecuted in a court of law. It would be a lie to say that all child soldiers are forced to fight because some child soldiers join the fight because they want to avenge a family members death. If a child is not forced to become a soldier but joins by free will then that child should be taken into custody because this child understood what they were doing and that it was wr ong. Some believe that it is not right to the victims of the child soldiers if the children are just allowed to walk free. If child soldiers did not have to be prosecuted for their crimes then their leaders would most likely make the children do all the crimes against others since the children will not be charged with anything. In our world today everyone has different opinions about whether or not child soldiers should be held accountable for their violent acts. The Children and Justice During and in the Aftermath of Armed Conflict report says: â€Å"If a child under the age of 15 is considered too young to fight, then he or she must also be considered too young to be held criminally responsible for serious violations of IHL while associated with armed forces or armed groups.† Children are recruited so much to be a soldier because they are very easily manipulated and intimidated. The children are to young to understand what the consequences of their actions can lead to, in other words they haven’t developed much mental maturity. All of the drugs that are used on the children does a lot of mental damage because their frontal lobes which controls what decisions to make is being significantly damaged and will not develop right. Radhika Coomaraswamy, SRSG for child soldiers, said, â€Å"If minor children who have committed serious war crimes are not prosecuted, this could be an incentive for their commanders to delegate to them the dirtiest orders, aiming at impunity,† ( Humanitarian News and Analysis. IRINnews. IRIN, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2014). In my opinion, I believe that child soldiers should not be held accountable for the violent acts. I have learned that child soldiers are many times kidnapped from their families and forced to kill a family member and are given many false hopes from their leaders. The child soldiers are drugged and brainwashed so that they can go around and kill innocent people as well as recruit more children like themselves. I believe that any person, especially a child, should not be prosecuted for their violent acts because they were not aware of whether what they were doing was right or wrong. I believe there is a difference in a child criminal and a child soldier because a child criminal is making a decision themselves and are completely aware of that they are doing, while a child soldier does not. For example, lets say a 10 year old boy kills his baby brother by drowning him in the tub. The 10 year old boy would be considered a child criminal and should be prosecuted because the boy was not for ced to kill his baby brother. Now if a child soldier has killed another person then I do not think they should be persecuted because they were forced to commit the violent act. Instead the child soldier should have to go through rehab. The Truth and Reconciliation Commissions and Disarmament is a much better way of helping children recover from their violent acts as a soldier so that they can go back out into the real world. Rehab programs have been proven to be successful when it comes to people recovering from war. A good example of someone that was a child soldier in Sierra Leone and went through rehab when he was rescued is Ishmael Beah, the author of A Long Way Gone. â€Å"At age sixteen, he was removed from fighting by UNICEF, and through the help of the staff at his rehabilitation center, he learned how to forgive himself, to regain his humanity, and, finally, to heal,† (Beah, Ishmael. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007 . Print). A child soldier has a very rough and confusing life. A child soldier begins without having a family or village anymore because they have been outlawed due to killing a family member. The children are drugged and are forced to commit the most brutal acts of violence such as, raping and killing innocent people. Some say that child soldiers should be prosecuted due to the violent acts they have committed but, most of these children did not even understand what they were doing when committing the crimes. No child should have to kill to survive, if they try to escape the horror that surrounds them then they are killed. Our world today needs to make a huge effort to stop the use of children as soldiers because it is not right to ruin a child’s life for something they do not even understand. Bibliography Beah, Ishmael. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007. Print. Cambridge Journals Online The Journal of Modern African Studies Abstract Children of War: Child Soldiers as Victims and Participants in the Sudan Civil War by C. Ryan London: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Pp. 320.  £59.50 (hbk). Cambridge Journals Online The Journal of Modern African Studies Abstract Children of War: Child Soldiers as Victims and Participants in the Sudan Civil War by C. Ryan London: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Pp. 320.  £59.50 (hbk). Cambridge University Press, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.Child Soldiers. Child Soldiers. War Child, n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2014. Child Soldiers: Invisible Children Child Soldiers- Defining the Topic. Child Soldiers: Invisible Children. Weebly, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. Dixon, Robyn. Former Sierra Leone Child Soldier Helps Other Victims. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 30 Aug. 2012. Web. 24 Jan. 2014. Government Forces Commit to End Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers. United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the SecretaryGeneral for Children and Armed Conflict. United Nations, 17 June 2013. Web. 24 Jan. 2014. Humanitarian News and Analysis. IRINnews. IRIN, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2014.

Two Romantic poems concerning nature are To Autumn by John Keats Essay

Two Romantic poems concerning nature are To Autumn by John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s To a Skylark. These two poems celebrate different aspects of nature: ‘Compare how nature is presented two Romantic poems’ Poets of the Romantic Era tried to express their feelings of beauty, nature and decay through poems and other means of literature. Two Romantic poems concerning nature are â€Å"To Autumn† by John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley’s â€Å"To a Skylark†. These two poems celebrate different aspects of nature: as the title of the poem suggests â€Å"To Autumn† is about the season of autumn, whereas â€Å"To a Skylark† is about a skylark, a miniscule bird that is famous for its song. Percy Bysshe Shelley compares the skylark to many different beautiful things to show that the skylark is far more superior to them. The vivid use of imagery throughout the two poems attracts the reader's interest and conveys the writers' creativity. Both of the poems are packed with imagery which not only shows their uniqueness but also the intensity and sophistication of the poets. The first stanza in â€Å"To Autumn† concerns itself with extolling the beauty and floridity of autumn, appealing to the senses of sight and taste. The first line immediately arouses visual senses with â€Å"mists and mellow fruitfulness†. Keats uses â€Å"mellow† to depict the colour of autumn, this is most likely to be the rustic colour of ripe fruits and leaves. The purpose of â€Å"fruitfulness† reminds us of the harvest. The reason that Keats chose â€Å"mists† is to remind us that we have more than just the sense of sight. If something is misty it is unclear and perhaps we have to rely on other senses more. Taste is also displayed in the first stanza; Keats refers to the â€Å"sw... ...al questions of which he reflects on and reaches conclusions to. In terms of the way nature is presented, â€Å"To Autumn† is more tangible since we can identify with most of the images presented whereas â€Å"To a Skylark† is based on opinion and the personal feelings and emotions of Percy Bysshe Shelley. John Keats used imagery to depict the different aspects of autumn but Shelley uses imagery to create a mystical environment. The poems have different sounds: â€Å"To a Skylark† is a poem of many questions and â€Å"To Autumn† has a number of words being emphasised to create a long period of time and giving a general feeling of abundance. The Romanticists wanted to express their opinions of beauty, nature and decay and certainly John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley have conveyed them strongly and use poetry to admirable effect; they have certainly been heard by the world.

Nursing research that improve patient outcome Essay

Identify one area of nursing research that has improved patient outcomes. State the study and its impact on patient care. How have these findings changed your nursing practice? . Nurses and other healthcare personnel are able to use the skills learned through evidence based research to decrease a patient’s length of stay, decreases morbidity and mortality, and healthcare cost. Nursing research is a scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice (Burns & Grove, 2011) Extensive research is needed to develop sound empirical knowledge for synthesis into the best research evidence needed for practice. This research evidence might be synthesized to develop guidelines, standards, protocols, or policies to direct the implementation of a variety of nursing interventions (Burns & Grove, 2011) One example of nursing research that has patient outcomes is through the use of foley insertio n causing UTI( Urinary tract infection) . The presence of a urinary catheter is the most important risk factor for bacteriuria. Once a catheter is placed, the daily incidence of bacteriuria is 3-10%. Between 10% and 30% of patients who undergo short-term catheterization (ie, 2-4 days) develop bacteriuria and are asymptomatic. Between 90% and 100% of patients who undergo long-term catheterization develop bacteriuria. About 80% of nosocomial UTIs are related to urethral catheterization; only 5-10% are related to genitourinary manipulation Risk factors for bacteriuria in patients who are catheterized include longer duration of catheterization, colonization of the drainage bag, diarrhea, diabetes, absence of antibiotics, female gender, renal insufficiency, errors in catheter care, catheterization late in the hospital course, and immunocompromised or debilitated states.(emedicine.medscape.com). These strategies include an indwelling catheter has been in place for more than 2 weeks at the onset of catheter-associated UTI and remains indicated, the catheter should be replaced to promote continued resolution of symptoms and to reduce the risk of subsequent catheter-associated infection Catheter use and duration should be minimized in all patients, especially those at higher risk for catheter-associated UTI (eg, women, elderly persons, and patients with impaired immunity (CDC, 2009)

Edgar Allan Poe Research Paper

His writing shows that he is familiar with the thought process of a madman, leaving some o believe that he himself was In fact insane, but If he were, could he have the ability to describe such dark thoughts and deeds In detailed graphic account? Most of Pope's short stories revolve around death, gloom and the mental state of his main character/ characters. More often than not, the main character of his stories is thought to have a certain degree of insanity. The â€Å"Tell- Tale Heart† does not disappoint.The story follows the formula that Edgar Allan Poe perfected: death, gloom, and mental instability. Some believe It Is the narrator's Insanity that causes him to dismember he old man Into several pieces and place him under the floorboards while others question whether or not the main character was really insane. In order for one to be able to come to a plausible conclusion concerning the mental health of the unnamed narrator one must know what insanity is, the medical defini tion of insanity, and compare both definitions to the mental state of the narrator in the story.So what exactly is insanity? The word insanity was actually termed by lawyers within the legal profession. Insanity Is a relatively new defense In the united States, as It was not restricted until around 1849, the time that Edgar Allan wrote the story â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†. Around the time the story was written there were many cases in America being tried where the defendants had plead not guilty by reason of insanity.Some think that Poe was paying close attention to the trial, as his story seemed to be a confession in which the narrator confessed the murder, but has all intentions of getting off by alluding to be While most would argue It was all an act, there are certain aspects In the story that allude that the narrator may have not been pretending to be Insane. The legal deflation of Insanity Is, â€Å"a mental Illness of such a severe nature that a person cannot distingu ish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct his/her affairs due to psychosis, or is subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior† (Hoses).Within the medical profession, there is no definition for the word insanity. It is not a diagnosis that is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, also known as ADSM. What Is diagnosed in the ADSM are various mental problems that can cause an Individual's behavior to change, sometimes leading them to commit a crime depending on their diagnosed mental illness. Based upon the clues provided in the story â€Å"The Tell- Tale Heart,† one can conclude that the narrator is suffering from the mental disorder of paranoid schizophrenia.Psychiatrists believe that when a person suffers from paranoia they most likely have paranoid schizophrenia. People with paranoia tend to believe that they have super sensitive hearing. They hear Inanimate object talking to them or voices that don't auditory hallucinations, violence, al oofness, etc. Paranoid schizophrenia is â€Å"one of several types of schizophrenia, a chronic mental illness in which reality is interpreted abnormally (psychosis).The classic features of paranoid schizophrenia are having beliefs that have no basis in reality (delusions) and hearing things that arena real (auditory hallucinations)† (â€Å"Paranoid Schizophrenia†). The story begins with the narrator stating â€Å"†¦ But why will you say that I am mad? The disease has sharpened my senses-not destroyed- not dulled them I heard things in the heaven and in the earth† (Poe 40). Within reading the first few lines of the story, the narrator has revealed to the audience two symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, anxiety and auditory hallucinations. These symptoms, especially his disposition to dispute, are manifested not only when he â€Å"arose and argued about trifles† but also throughout the narration†¦ Obviously, the prisoner's captors have named his c rime for what it is, the act of an anxiety-ridden madman; this is the argument that the narrator- illustrating another symptom of schizophrenia, lack of insight- rejects as erroneous, impertinent, absurdly false; this is the thesis to which he attempts to provide the antithesis † (Zimmerman).In regards to the medical aspect, the anxiety reveals itself in the way that the narrator is attempting to give his side of the story. He has admitted to his extremely nervous behavior, yet later in the paragraph states, â€Å"Hearken! And observe how healthily- how calmly, I can tell you the whole story' (Poe 40). The audience should also notice within the first paragraph where the legal definition of insanity could also be applied. It is here where his words begin to contradict themselves.It is here where he starts to demonstrate a mad man, by accusing the audience of coming to the conclusion that he is mad. He then goes on to imply that if he were mad, he â€Å"would be out of control , †¦ Profoundly illogical, and not even recognize the implications of his actions† (Benumb). As the narrator divulges information about murder, the symptoms of violence, anger, and delusion also appear, further evidence to back up the claim that the narrator is a paranoid schizophrenic. It was open-wide, wide open- and I grew furious as I gazed upon it†¦ Lat was the beating of the old man's heart. It increased my fury, as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage† (Poe 42). Here the narrator has shown the symptom of anger. The old man has done nothing to the narrator to upset him. The narrator claims it is the beating of the old man's heart and his dull blue eye that causes him to grow furious and it is what ultimately causes him to become violent towards the old man and end his life.The symptom of delusion appears throughout the whole story from the beginning. We have the narrator being delusional in thinking that he knows what the audience is thinking about him. He is delusional when he states , â€Å"†¦ For it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye† (Poe 41). When you combine the delusion, anger, anxiety, and violence, it is very easy to see how one can come to the conclusion that the narrator is in fact not of sound mind.

“Hedda Gabler” by Henrik Ibsen and the 19th Century Marriage Essay

Marriage in the 19th century was a social and economic matter, rather than a matter of personal relationship. The morals of the era, including family morals, are often associated with the Victorian England, where they revealed themselves in the most ultimate and form, yet especially this kind of attitude towards marriage dominated throughout Europe. The hypocrisy of the 19th century marriage, which caused countless lives to be broken and countless people to be unhappy, inspired many prominent writers like Oscar Wild, Gustave Flaubert, Honore de Balzac, Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky to refer to the motifs of protest against such state of things. Yet Henrik Ibsen is unique even in this society, he concentrates on the named subject in virtually every of his famous plays. One of those plays is â€Å"Hedda Gabler† first published in 1890. In this paper I will attempt to analyze Ibsen’s play in the context of the XIX century marriage, as well as the effect the play itself had on the social perception of family ties. I will argue that Ibsen managed to demonstrate how frustrating a hypocritical marriage can be and what a disastrous consequences it can cause not only for the married women, but for every person involved in the relation. I will further argue that the play can be viewed as Ibsen’s contribution to change of the entire social idea of the place of a woman in a family. Ibsen himself wrote that â€Å"The title of the play is Hedda Gabler. I intended to indicate thereby that as a personality she is to be regarded rather as her father’s daughter than as her husband’s wife. † Here Ibsen refers to the key problem of marriage in the 19th century. A woman has not played any independent role in it. She has always been viewed as â€Å"belonging to some man†, whether it is her father, brother or husband. Correspondingly, she had no opportunity to develop her own life and turned out to be a toy in the hands of men, being entirely dependent on them in social and economic aspects . In Hedda’s case she is either a daughter of a general, or a wife of an academic. But what is worse, she is dependent not only socially, but even mentally. She does not seem to be very clever, yet this does not mean that she lacks character. At her first approach Ibsen stresses her â€Å"pale and opaque† face and that â€Å"her steel-grey eyes express a cold, unruffled repose† . She is no way a foolish maiden dreaming only of lavish and careless life, throughout the play she often acts as a person of firm will, yet of a bad, or rather undeveloped character. This personal underdevelopment includes both narrow outlook and lack of moral principles. Perhaps she has been taught everything possible about morals, but a person of her type would rather act in contrary to imposed principles. Hedda really â€Å"belongs† to her husband and she is constantly reminded of that. This makes her desire for power even stronger, as she demonstrates more and more masculine features as the play develops. Unwilling to accept the feminine stereotypes of behavior Hedda plays with her father’s pistols perhaps more to shock and confuse her family, because handling arms is surely not a proper thing for a young lady. Yet the play with the pistols is still comparatively innocent. It appears that Hedda plays her own game with the society. Her relatives treat her as an obedient toy, so Hedda starts using them as toys in turn. This is a game of arrogance and indifference. Hedda makes snobbish remarks to the surrounding people, insults Aunt Julie’s new hat. The game gradually becomes more and more dangerous, and ends with two suicides. It seems that in this game Hedda makes little difference between a hat and Lovborg’s life. What the world has given to Hedda that Hedda returns to the world, and in case her dreams of luxurious existence are ruined, she can ruin the world in turn. The dependent position of a woman in marriage is naturally followed by another aspect of 19th century marriage – restriction of a woman. Ibsen embodied this social barrier in the repeated image of a glass door. The barrier is easy to be removed or broken, which she â€Å"nervously† walks to, but which she never opens, dying inside the claustrophobic space of the house. A question might arise here why Hedda at all married Jorgen Tesman whom she never loved and whom she openly neglected? The most obvious answer is that Hedda was in need of money, since her fathers only heritage was a good name. Tesman was an acceptable choice to her. He is considerably prosperous, his scientific prospects look perfectly, his name is noble, and, what is most important, his character is not very strong, so Hedda can easily control him. What is less obvious is Hedda’s desire to revenge Lovborg who failed to meet her hopes. Whether consciously or not, Hedda is making her way towards actual murder and suicide from the very beginning of the play. Although even in the 19th century the declared ground of marriage was love, Hedda cries to the Judge not to â€Å"use this sickening word† . She has crossed out her dreams of love and she does not want even to remember them. However, Hedda at least has an idea of love and passions, while her husband has none. As Hedda married Tesman of convenience, so Tesman did to Hedda. He is attracted both by her origin and by her beauty, while her death impresses him in a strange way: â€Å"Shot herself! Shot herself in the temple! Fancy that! †. This last phrase shows his real attitude. He never loved Hedda, and his primary concern was his own social position which he hoped to improve with a good marriage and an image of a beautiful wife. In fact there are no good or bad characters in the play, no victims and no executioners. Hedda is often blamed as a â€Å"snobbish, mean-spirited, small-minded, conservative, cold, bored, vicious. She’s sexually eager but terrified of sex; ambitious to be bohemian but frightened of scandal; a desperate romantic fantasist but unable to sustain any loving relationship with anyone, including herself† . This all can be true, but other characters are not better. The basic defect of the situation is that men and women surrounding Hedda are completely unable to see her as a personality outside of her social position. To the last they believe that Hedda would act in the â€Å"accepted way†, whether it is Tesman who views his wife as a pretty doll or Judge Brack who blackmails Hedda to enter into the family and probably force Hedda to a love affair believing that Hedda would act as a women in hopelessness, in other words obey . Brack is surprised with Hedda’s rebelliousness against the rule and asks: â€Å"Are you so unlike the generality of women as to have no turn for duties? † . But what Hedda does not want to hear about are duties. In this company even Lovborg causes little compassion. An miserable alcoholic who almost ruined his talent saved not due to his own effort, but due to a woman, he is unable even to die in the way Hedda has determined, and his suicide looks ridiculous. Being finally cornered by the circumstances Hedda decides to commit suicide herself. All of her dreams are ruined, she is now convinced that nobody loves her, her dreams of freedom, luxury and passions appeared to be mirages. She is unable to dominate even in the situation she has herself created. Hedda realizes that she is not a romantic hero but a simple wife of an academic, she is imprisoned and powerless. Her possible motherhood can only aggravate her despair, for a child shall be born from a man she does not love, and childbirth will make her even more helpless and dependent. Thus suicide looks as a natural resort for her. There is an another strong social allusion in the play. Lovborg and Mrs. Elvsted use to label Loveborg’s manuscript as a child, so burning a manuscript is a similar to child murder. When Hedda kills herself she kills her prospective children, as well as ruins her husband’s reputation thus doing two things he is afraid of. She commits suicide out of escapist intents but it is also a revenge to her husband, Brack, relatives and the whole world where such hypocritical marriage is possible. â€Å"Hedda Gabler† caused an ambiguous reaction of the public ever since premiere. The responses differed from calling it â€Å"Ibsen’s greatest play and the most interesting woman that he has created† to the devastating characteristic by George Bernard Show who emotionally observed: â€Å"What a marvel of stupidity and nonsense the author did produce in this play! It is incredible to think that only a score of years ago the audience sat seriously before its precious dullness†. American newspapers added oil to the flame of critique. The Philadelphian Ledger wrote after the American premiere â€Å"What a hopeless specimen of degeneracy is Hedda Gabler! A vicious, heartless, cowardly, unmoral, mischief-making vixen†. Yet I would emphasize a characteristic that remains actual until now. It has been provided by Justin Huntly McCarthy who wrote of the â€Å"he most interesting woman that he has created – she is compact with all the vices, she is instinct with all the virtues of womanhood† . The debate has not ceased over the years. Hedda became a favored character in the feminist movement, the play has been staged in numerous interpretations, including even lesbian one. However such public interest is the best proof of the fact that Ibsen hit the nail. â€Å"Hedda Gabler† is a play about fatal marriage. It starts with return of Hedda from her wedding journey and ends with the beginning of her final journey. However, Ibsen managed to generalize his subject and make his play a story of woman place in the society. 19th century marriage did left little space for female existence in the world dominated by males. That what the play is actually about. The motif of domination is revealed throughout the play and it is not always possible to say who, except for faulty customs dominates the situation. After all Tesman is unable to control even himself, and Hedda can not take the leading positions in the family due to social restrictions. Death is her protest. Perhaps it would not be too general to say that Ibsen wrote not only of physical death of his character but of a spiritual death of womanhood in the 19th century marriage. Works Cited: 1. Ibsen, Henrik. Hedda Gabler. Digireads. com, 2005. 2. Coontz, Stephanie. Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage. New York: Penguin Books, 2006. 3. Templeton, Joan. Ibsen’s Women. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 4. Eyre, Richard. â€Å"Femme fatale. Richard Eyre would like to apologise to Ibsen for doubting the greatness of Hedda Gabler†. The Guardian. 5 Mar. 2005. 21 April 2009 http://www. guardian. co. uk/stage/2005/mar/05/theatre 5. Sanders, Tracy. â€Å"Lecture Notes: Hedda Gabler – Fiend or Heroine†. Australian Catholic University, 2006. 21 April 2009 http://dlibrary. acu. edu. au/staffhome/trsanders/units/modern_drama/hedda_gabler. html

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Risk and Quality Management Essay Executive Summary The following paper will be addressing the Risk and Quality management of one of the leading health care organizations in the world today and an organization whose benefits many of us have had the pleasure of experiencing: Kaiser Permanente, which is one of the most esteemed and flourishing organizations within the health care field. Kaiser Permanente provides and offers leading health care technologies, outstanding doctors, emergency services, laboratory needs, pharmaceuticals, and other hospital services among other things. They also have a very detailed and successful risk and quality management program which they enforce within their various organizations. Purpose of Risk and Quality Management â€Å"Quality assurance, corporate compliance, and risk management have common elements, they all represent processes by which care and services are scrutinized, audited, and generate action plans intended to benefit patients† (Sollins, JD, 2008). So it is no surprise that within the health care field, risk and quality management’s main purpose is to ensure that patients and employees are always safe and receive the best care possible. Ensuring that both patients and employees are always safe reduces the possibility of any undue or unnecessary risks to the organizations which is why quality assurance and/or management go hand in hand with risk management. In health care Risk management is very critical as it covers so many different areas ranging from proper procedures when handling medications, protecting patient information, making sure training is happening for all employees, and so much more. Risk management is so important because it is what makes sure the facility is operating in accordance with regulations. Quality management insures that patients are receiving quality care for a decent market value, which includes good customer service, timely visits and advanced technology. At Kaiser they value both risk and quality management and make it a core focus at all  times. In fact, â€Å"Kaiser Permanentes Care Management Institute (CMI) is one of the first organizations in the United States to earn disease management (DM) certification from the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). The 2-year NCQA DM certification was awarded in program design. The program design certification was awarded for four areas: diabetes, asthma, heart failure, and depression. CMI was one of 18 to apply for the NCQA certification/accreditation† (ManagedHealthcare.Info, 2002). 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In drug distribution situations if situations are not handled prope rly, they can lead to not only costly mistakes but can also put people’s well being in danger. Two other typical risks for this type of organization would be patient confidentiality and cleanliness as there are so many germs and diseases that these facilities face daily. These risks could affect the quality because medication may not be correct, confidentiality breaches will have negative results on the organization and the patients, and cleanliness risks will affect the patients, and possibly even the employees’ overall experience and/or health.  Kaiser is always taking steps towards better risk management and trying new policies and training to achieve this. â€Å"Licensing agencies and professional organizations prescribe minimum standards for a health care risk management program. These standards require direct interaction and support between the Risk Management Team, Administration, the Legal Department, Medical Staff, and Quality Management. Mechanisms must be in place for expeditious investigation and reporting of occurrences, prospective and retrospective analysis, and implementing preventive programs. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations published its guidelines for hospitals in its Accreditation Manual for Hospitals. A major part of health care risk management is being knowledgeable of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization guidelines and ensuring that departments comply with them. Valuable safety measures with inherent checks and balances are put into place which increase quality of care and also help to curtail liability claims†. Kaiser believes that a complementary relationship exists between risk and quality management and that this relationship, in part, helps improve quality. It is this belief that created a synergistic approach within their Quality Management and Risk Management Departments. In the mid 90’s The Los Angeles branch of Kaiser Permanente’s Patient Care Management Committee voted on actions to improve their risk management. Those actions were: * Incorporation of collective instructional programs to assist in keeping health care staff updated on new techniques. * Develop deeper understanding of confidentiality practices. * Annual risk management refreshers for health care employees. * Providing courses on how to improve medical record documentation. * Updating protocols on preoperative and post-operative administration. * Educating and establishing centers of excellence for catheter replacement and selection processes. * Upgrade existing incident report forms to ensure more accurate documentation. * Revamp the use of Administration Records * Audit of Critical Care Units * Upgrading the admission policies and procedures. * Introducing policies for patient medication procedures. Managing Quality There are clearly so many factors which can negatively affect the quality of an organization let alone one that is in the health care field. In fact Health Care organizations may face a magnitude of issues which are not seen in other types of organizations. This is mainly due to the nature of having to deal with not only their employees but also with the welfare and  wellbeing of so many different patients. However, as you can imagine some internal factors that this organization or any other health care organization may face would be training, customer services, and services rendered to the patients. In addition, some external factors that can affect the quality of an organization would be third party vendors, budget cuts, and technical issues with electronic medical records or even any other technology system. These factors could be detrimental to any organization if not addressed properly and quickly. However, one of the reasons that Kaiser is considered one of the leading health care organizations is that Kaiser has a very large focus on quality management and wants to makes sure they are always providing the best quality. Their attention to detail is not only evident in how they perform but also in the reputation that they have acquired based on their extreme attention to these details. According to â€Å"Health Span† (n.d). â€Å"The Kaiser Permanente Quality Management program was designed to improve the quality and safety of clinical care and the quality of services provided to our members. The Quality Improvement (QI) program prioritizes quality activities aligned with the region’s strategic plan and provides resources in support of achieving the QI work plan. This complies with applicable regulatory and accrediting body requirements. Kaiser Permanente’s QI work plan must address: * Quality and safety of clinical care * Quality of service * Program scope * Yearly objectives * Yearly planned activities * Timeframe within which each activity is to be achieved * The staff member responsible for each activity * Monitoring of previously identified issues * Evaluation of the Quality Improvement (QI) program Kaiser Permanente’s Goals Kaiser Permanente’s organization has many goals many of which include helping to lower the nation’s obesity rate, promoting wellness care, promoting global health care, educating the public on health and wellness through classes and seminars, offering the best quality health care for a  good price, and much more. According to the organization’s website in 2002, Kaiser Permanente and CAPH/SNI entered into a formal business cooperative effort to broaden their ability to offer quality care as well as work towards improving the type of health care that is available in many communities regardless of their economic standing. This goal is not only one that would benefit the communities in which they are used but also serve to broaden the vision of those involved in the partnership at the state and local levels between community health care providers, organizations and leaders and staff of Kaiser Permanente to cooperate towards mutal objectives which include: * Collaborating on strategies and resources to promote quality care and enhance the efficiency within the systems * Working in association with community partners to improve the health within our neighborhoods In closing, Kaiser Permanente is one of the leading health organizations in the nation and it is no surprise that they also have some of the best risk and quality management practices to go along with their great reputation. In my experience with Kaiser risk and quality management are a focus at all times. One policy that I know is in place, just from visiting them, is that they conduct mailer surveys regarding patient satisfaction. This is important because it gives the patient the opportunity to voice what they think is great or what the organization could improve about the quality of care and services they received. It is also an important point that this industry has and strives to maintain good risk and quality management because they are dealing on a daily basis, every day of the year with the health and wellness of quite a number of people. Based on the facts stated above, Kaiser is always striving for the best quality and risk management possible. It is evident thru the numerous awards that this organization receives, that they are clearly doing a great job and they are example of how an organization should and could properly manage risk and quality management in a way that not only benefits the organization itself but also the people which it serves. References California Health Care Safety Net Institute. (2013). Partnership with Kaiser Permanente. Retrieved from http://safetynetinstitute.org/goals/enhancequalityofcare/kaiserpartnership/ Health Span. (n.d). Kaiser Permanente’s Quality Management program. Retrieved from http://providers.kaiserpermanente.org/html/cpp_oh/quality.html#Kaiser%20Permanente %E2%80%99s%20Quality%20Management%20program ManagedHealthcare.Info, . (2002, November 11). Quality Assurance; Kaiser Permanente institute earns NCQA Disease Management Certification. NewsRx. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/210597878?accountid=458 Sollins, JD, H. L. (2008, May June). Quality Assurance, Corporate Compliance, and Risk Management: Overlapping but Not Identical Tools. Geriatric Nursing, 29(3), 157-159. Wechsler, J. (2010, February). Kaiser Questions Safety Policies. Pharmaceutical Executive, 30(2), 1-18. ProQuest.