Consequentialist Versus Deontological Ethical Systems

What is wide-cut? How does a al most(prenominal) maven decide what is good? Over the feed in of history, various thinkers need tried to scram schemes which guide military mans archetype on this question. Some of the most classical good theories argon the normative theories &8212 that is respectable theories which accent to establish authoritative standards by which behave can be judged. Under the customary heading of normative, two of the most important civilizes of good thought are the consequentialist and the deontological schools of good thought. (prescriptive Ethics n. d. )Consequentialism is the school of thought which asserts that the exampleity of a given adhere through is to be judged by the consequence of that satisfy. If the consequences are good, the coiffeion is good. Consequentialism is by and large divided into a number of theories, including utilitarianism and ethical egoism. Utilitarianism holds that the right functionion is one that produce s the greatest good/pleasance (and least torture) for the greatest number of deal. Utilitarianism has its stem turn in the seminal figures of Jeremy Bentham, potty Stuart swot, and atomic number 1 Sidgwick.Classic utilitarians offended a system which is could outperform be described as hedonic map consequentialism. Their system was consequentialist in that its proponents claimed that an influence is honourablely right if the round causes the greatest good. To calculate this, one had to compare the impart numerate of good that the act caused, subtraction the total come up of bad that the act caused. If the net total net amount of good was greater than this net amount of good for whatsoever other act that the agent mogul have performed, whence the act was good.Their system was hedonistic, in that they claimed that delectation was the whole true good and pain is the only true bad. This system was summed up in the common state handst, the greatest gaiety for the greatest number. (Kemerling, 2002 Hollinger, 2002, p. 31-34 prescriptive Ethics, n. d. Lee, 2000, Utilitarianism Sin nont-Armstrong, 2006) As Mill articulated this system, utilitarianism was consequentialist rather than deontological because included trustworthy key points of denial. Utilitarianism denied that the moral rightness of any act depended on anything other than the consequences of the act.This left(a) the utilitarian system open to fervour because of the hedonism it forward-looking. (Hollinger, 2002, p. 34-36 Normative Ethics, n. d. Kemerling, 2002 Lee, 2000, Utilitarianism Sinnott-Armstrong, 2006) From the beginning, critics of hedonism attacked utilitarianism. They criticized stool Stuart Mill as trying to degrade the value of human life to an animalistic level. One of the more(prenominal) commonly used arguments was that vulgar acts, such(prenominal) as orgiastic sex might produce greater transient enjoyment than some disciplined higher act such as studyi ng exquisitely poetry. (Hollinger, 2002, pp.34-36 Normative Ethics, n. d. Kemerling, 2002 Sinnott-Armstrong, 2006)Mill tried to respond to these charges by setting up a quality between lower and higher qualities of pleasure. (Mill, 1861, 56) This did not satisfy Mills critics, who contended that in the end, utilitarianism supported hedonism. Critics find these systems overly good and confusing, and utilitarianism fosters an end justifies the means line of reasoning. provided utilitarianism does not accept the notion that some acts are arrogantly ethically wrong, so that potentially it can be warp into a system justifying any means.Hollinger, 2002, pp. 34-36 Normative Ethics, n. d. Kemerling, 2002 Lee, 2000, Utilitarianism) Egoism is the view that a moral person is a self-interested person. The primary exponents of ethical egoism, include Epicurus, Adam Smith, and Ayn Rand. Critics charges that the ethical system of Epicurus leads to an austere hedonism. Adam Smiths invisible hand would cause the most productive state of an economy to be reached by allowing all of the people in the economic unit each to chase his own self-interest.Ayn Rand professed a view of demythologized self-interest, saying that altruism was irrational. (Hollinger, 2002, pp. 28-31 Normative Ethics, 2002 Sinnott-Armstrong, 2006) Deontological ethical scheme takes its name from the Greek determine deon, meaning that which is obligatory. It is ethical conjecture establish on a concept of debt instrument or obligation. Turning then to high-principled ethical systems, stem from Socrates, who felt himself job bound to accept the ruling of the judicature in Athens, which had ordered him put to death.From Socrates, one can move ahead to Immanuel Kant, whose philosophical system led to his system of the matt tyrannical Act so that you palm humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, al tracks as an end, and neer as a means only. To develop his Categorical Impe rative, Kant looked to the roots of ethical motive in humanitys rational capacity and meticulously true a system based on moral absolutes. He argued that these are downright duties, rules which must be followed absolutely and in every possible situation. (Normative Ethics, n. d. Hollinger, 2002, pp.37-39)Another school of deontological thought is the contractarianistic school exemplified by John Rawls or Thomas Hobbes. This theory asserts that moral acts are those act that all people would agree to if they were completely unbiased. (Normative Ethics. n. d. ) Finally, in that location are philosophers such as John Locke, also considered deontological, who presented the psyche that all men are endowed with certain inviolable rights. (Normative Ethics. n. d. ) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) set forth what is globally accepted as the most advanced theory of deontological or duty-based ethics.Contrary to the consequentialism of Mill, Kants theory judges morality by examining the te mper of actions and the will of agents rather than the goals sought or the ends achieved. To describe this in general terms, this deontological theory focuses on the inputs leading to actions rather than outcomes produced by those inputs. This does not mean that Kant did not direction what the outcomes of his actions were. Like other men, he wished that things would go well. But Kant insisted that as far as the moral evaluation of our actions was concerned, consequences did not matter.(Hollinger, 2002, pp. 37-39 Normative Ethics, n. d. Kemerling, 2002)In his philosophical studies, Kant tried to establish a rational principle that would stand as a prostrate imperative for ethical judgments. He insisted that the imperative, or duty, had to be categorical, not unmingledly hypothetical, or conditional, because true morality could not depend on such things as individual likes and dislikes, abilities, or opportunities. These were mere the accidents of history, and an ultimate principl e of ethics had to go far beyond such incidentals.Eventually, Kant create his categorical imperative, which he articulated in several different versions, including Always act in such a way that you can also will that the truism of your action should become a common law. and Act so that you treat humanity, both(prenominal) in your own person and in that of another, always as an end and never merely as a means. The stolon version of the categorical imperative emphasizes an appraisal important to Kants thinking of the idea that any rule was valid only if it could be applied universally. The second recital of the rule stresses the importance of respecting persons as more important than things.(Kay, 1997)Deontological ethical theories are strongest in the areas where utilitarian theories face the greatest difficulty. good rules based on duty have the great advantage that the ends can never justify the means. For example, suppose a swayer wished to revive the Roman practice of wo rldly concern crucifixion of criminals. Even if it was determined that the general populace was so caught up in a blood lust that the pleasure of the masses who would watch the agonies of the condemned far, far out-weighed the unworthy of the victim, the categorical imperative demands that individual human rights be acknowledged and held inviolable.No matter how ofttimes the public wants this spectacle, it must be brush off from our moral deliberations. (Hollinger, 2002, pp. 38-39 Kay, 1997) Putting Kants categorical imperative into practice, however, has presented a number of good problems. First, the categorical imperative gives only absolute results. Actions are good or bad. on that point is no room for gray areas. For example, imposition is always wrong &8212 even the civic lie or the lie told for impressive reasons. Second, duties often come into conflict, and the categorical imperative gives no means to resolve these conflicts.Utilitarianism permits a ready compariso n of all actions, and if a set of alternatives have the same expect utility, they are equally good. Conflicting duties, however, may require that I perform logically or physically incompatible actions, and my adversity to do any one is itself a moral wrong. (Hollinger, 2002, p. 39 Kay, 2002) Because neither theory is satisfactory in its pure form, I am compelled to use a go bad in real life. I follow a utilitarian approach in the sense of trying to maximize the good that I bring to people, but with an sensory faculty that there are categorical situations beyond which I will not go.

'Essay Writing on Shakespeare: Banquo Serves as a Foil to Macbeth Essay\r'

'Macbeth was written by Shakespeare betwixt 1603 and 1606, during James I’s reign. It is considered adept of his darkest and most originatorful tragedies. The story begins as hotshot of a loyal and laureate hero of Scotland. Howal panaches, Macbeth’s oddball changes little by little during the cope with. A powerfulnessful ambition for power causes him to make sinister decisions that bring him nevertheless despair, guilt and madness. One of these decisions is to kill his agonist Banquo because the witches that appeared at the beginning of the story tell in their divine: â€Å"Thou shalt wash up kings, tough thou be no(prenominal)” (I, iii, line 67).\r\nThey mean to say that yet though Banquo ordain non be a king himself, he allow be the father of in store(predicate) kings. By taking this into account, I am sacking to analyse how Banquo serves as a baby to Macbeth in terms of honour. Foil, in literature, is a char work outer that is compared o r contrasted to a minute character so as to set off the characteristics of the other. I consider honour in terms of loyalty, eachegiance to moral principles and the baron of kno benefitg and doing what is morally right. I am going to explore this hypothesis by taking account of the beginning of the play up to Banquo’s death, in movement III, scene iii.\r\nMacbeth is the epitome of the Prince described by Maquiavelli who keeps it for granted that man is incapable of full(a) action, since he is morally injustice. Maquiavelli stated that: â€Å"[…] all men are bad and ever ready to display their vicious nature, whenever they whitethorn find occasion for it […]” (Spencer, 1961, p.117). The Renaissance is characterised by a basic conflict betwixt man’s dignity and his misery.\r\n severally one of the interrelated orders that set up the frame of the Elizabethan’s way of thinking is universe gradually finished mainly by three philosophers of that metre (Maquiavelli was one of them) who has questioned the cosmological, infixed and political orders. Macbeth eagerly accepts the witches’ prophecy, that he will become king, as true, gives in to his evil side and does what he thinks is required to follow out the prophesy, no take the risks. That is why he decides to kill the king, Duncan, who represents a great danger to his ambitions.\r\nBanquo, however, represents the setback to Macbeth because he questions the prophecies and the intentions of these evil creatures. He says: â€Å"[…] And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, the instruments of darkness tell us truths, win us with honest trifles, to betray ‘s in deepest consequence. […]” (I, iii, lines 123-125). He argues that evil exclusively offers gifts that lead to destruction, that the witches win people with what is unimportant, though true, in order to betray them in most important things.\r\nBanquo hears the prophecy involving him however he does not attempt to charm his fate, simply chooses to let life take its course and let his future originate by itself. The fact that Banquo does not answer from greed shows that he is entirely good, resists the temptations of evil and remains loyal to his good determine and noble character.\r\nJust before Duncan’s murder, Macbeth meets Banquo and they agree to talk about the witches’ prophesy when they have time. Banquo’s honest treats increases Macbeth’s capacity of treason. â€Å"[…] So I retreat none in curbking to adjoin it, but still keep my knocker franchised, and allegiance clear, I shall be counselled […]” (II, i, lines 25-29). This reference book suggests that, as long as he does not lose honour in trying to make it greater, always keeps his midsection free from sin and his faithfulness to one man only, the king, he will attend to Macbeth’s advice. Banquo’s nobility of character highlights Macbeth’s evilness.\r\nAfter Macbeth became king, he realizes that, in fact, his helpmate is a danger to him because of his honourable character and also because the witches have seen he will be father of future kings. By saying: â€Å"[…] our fears in Banquo stick to deep, and in his royalty of nature reigns that which be feared; ‘i is much he dares; and […] he hath wisdom that doth guide his valour to act in safety. […]” (III, i, lines 48-52), Macbeth reveals that he fears everything that he does not have but Banquo actually does: his natural nobility, his unafraid(p)ry and his wisdom. Macbeth feels that his position in the tidy sum will be safe if Banquo is dead, so he hires two murderers to kill his friend and his son, Fleance. They partially succeed, Banquo dies but his son manages to annoy away safely.\r\nAs we can see through this analysis, Banquo serves as a hydroplane to Macbeth in terms of nobility. Banquo and Macbeth are opposi te characters, one has honourable values that he maintains during the play and does not give in to personal desires, and the other is slowly being tempted by his evil side and will get what he wants by whatever way that is necessary. Macbeth is morally evil and cares energy about honour and loyalty, he becomes power hungry after hearing the witches’ prophesies and does anything to fulfil them, even killing his good king, Duncan, and his brave friend, Banquo.\r\nREFERENCES:\r\n• Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Third edition. England. Longman. 1965.\r\n• Spencer, Theodore. Shakespeare and the Nature of Man. Second edition. saucy York. Macmillan. 1961.\r\n'

'Why do we age\r'

'Why do we get along? I recently took part in 5 experiments undergoing e genuinelyday activities to see how it feels to be; ; silver screen Bone concentration bothers Hearing thornyies To throw limited finely motor skills reminiscence loss First bodily process I took part In expected us to try clothes on (that required buttons) to be cap up to(p) to fasten the buttons clothing thick mittens and gloves. The mittens and the gloves resembled the old and the Limited fine motor skills (finger movements required to fasten the buttons).This task got me very frustrated as It was very gruelling to fasten the buttons because as you take away older your receptors become less insensitive this is linked to the fact that the principal and neuronic system goes through natural channelizes, your brain and spinal cord stomach deform aroundt cells and weight in that locationfore nerve cells experience to pass messages more slowly, a breakdown of nerves can impinge on your senses . You king father reduced or mazed reflexes or sensation.This leads to problems with movement and safety. This can usurp peoples self-confidence as they whitethorn non understand their own imperfectnesses qualification it c oncentrated for them to trust themselves to do anything. The mittens and thick gloves resembled this as it was almost as if my fingers were numb and I found it hard to control them in a way I valued to causing me feel empathy towards the senile who do suffer with these everyday tasks.The second body process I took part in was sense of hearing to a video clip with the muckle turned down, this resembled the elderly with hearing difficulties as I real had to strain to hear the smallest sound. It usually is the higher pitched sounds that take care to be harder to hear as we pulsate older and overly it is more difficult for the elderly to hear voice and conversations whilst there is background noise, I could hear the dispirit pitched oases such(pren ominal) as the laughter in the background but not the detailed Information In the conversations.As you age, structures internal the ear start to change and their functions decline. Your ability to pick up sounds settles. You whitethorn to a fault have problems maintaining your commensurateness as you sit, stand, and walk. This could presume a somebodys self-confidence and self-Image as they may feel embarrassed If they lose balance or have to ask once again for someone to repeat themselves when really It Is honest a natural occurrence that happens to us all.Linked to the sensory system controlling your senses such as hearing, sense of smell, taste and trade. The trine act I took part in required me to read a ethical drug and separate some elderly face, when you clear older your eyesight not just adjusts more slowly to change in distances and light changes from daylight to night good deal but if the prescription is hand indite it could be more difficult for the elderl y to read and understand also the instance or printing of the prescription could have the same effect.If the elderly person is not only having eyesight difficulties but also could be prone to diseases such as Parkinson for example and might not be physically able to separate the pills onto the particular(prenominal) days this could be a problem as it could have a latent life risk, if they need to take pills every day and they could not be able to do so. All of the eye structures change with aging. The cornea becomes less sensitive, so injuries may not be noticed. By the time you turn 60, your pupils decrease to about one thirdly of the size they were when you were 20.The lens becomes yellowed, less flexible, and meagrely cloudy. The fat pads supporting the eyes decrease in amount and the eyes drop into their sockets. The eye muscles become less able to fully rotate the eye. The fourth activity I took part in was making Christmas cards with our eyes restricted by wearing glasse s with numerous of diverse blockages for our eyesight, so we was completely or partly blind, we had to write the card, decorate the card and piece it in the envelope.This task was particularly difficult and frustrating as it was physically impractical to do the task without messing up, as you dont come if you have already included the reading or how neat it was. As we age the most common in sight difficulties is trouble focusing on something close, such as reading, writing and itching video this is called presbyters, it also gets harder to tell the colors aside but for our activity this was relevant as we tried different glasses on which reduced our eyesight to different limits.This could affect someone self-esteem as they may feel they are getting worsened as they age and not popular suasion good lavish as they once did in their younger days. The last activity I took part in was attaching lumbering weights onto my arms and doing daily tasks such as brushing our teeth and brushing our blur for 2-5 minutes, we felt the strain and this resembles an elderly person who may suffer with bone density robbers most common in women later menopause, this may leave you feeling weak as when we age our muscle view naturally decreases as our bones lose calcium, linked to the musculoskeletal system.The decrease of muscles for an elderly person could create a expert risk for daily activities as if they celestial latitude they wouldnt be able to brace themselves right on and ease the fall as their muscles may not be strong enough to hold themselves. This could affect someones self-esteem as they may change their own opinion of themselves may see themselves as Weak when really the decrease of muscles begins Just after 30 years of age.\r\n'

'Playing The Enemy Response\r'

'Playing the antagonist After schooling playing the enemy, I must enjoin I was re aloney pretty Jealous of those fortunate nice to get to meet and leave an revenue stamp on the capital earthly concern Nelson Mandela. The business relationship was truly Inspirational and after sympathiseing was very glad I chose this bare-assedlys to look at. I knew that Nelson Mandela was a large universe and I knew plainly part of his story. I knew that he was the scratch black death chair that sulfur Africa had seen, I also knew that he was jailed for gentleman years (27 to be exact) and was the reason that the S tabuh African Apartheid was cease.I was nescient to the journey it took to get at that place and the millions of paddy wagon he win over in his lifetime. It amazed me how throughout Mandelas life he was fit to win over the black Maria of al al to the highest degree everyone he spoke to. From what most may consider the lowest guide on of ones life, being locked a route(p) in prison, away from your family for 27 years, he was able to hold this time to non only evaporate down and forgive those who imprisoned him, hardly he also ended up befriending many a(prenominal) of them. That to me spoke greatness upon his character.I debate of reading about when he offset printing started reckoning about the game of cubby, he did so completely with the sole social function of becoming close with one of his new prison wards. When I first read this part In the story I thought there Is no way this could work… A big pestiferous white South African man who obviously has many pre]delude against Mandela and his good incubate, alone someways he was able to pull it off, whenever assumption the chance, Mandela would discuss rugby with him and eventually it remunerative off, he soon was living the life, he was given a hot graduated table… A freaking.The fact that a captive was able to pull that off was kinda amazing. But it neve r stopped there. He was later moved out of his depressed little cell and was put into a little house. Then it went even further when he was taken on drives most town and I think the bloom of youth of his prison privileges came when Mandela was allowed to go freely for walks. passim the book, Mandela causes people to fall for his charm and I know exactly how he was able to accomplish this. It Is all explained In this reference by himself… â€Å"If you talk too man In a language he understands, that goes to his head.If you talk to him In his language, that goes to his heart. ” In many cases this quote could be taken eternally. In many cases people would tonus more comfortable with the future leader because he would actually speak to them in their native tongue which, to the South African Whites who were not his biggest supporters, was Afrikaans. Ironically he was able to learn this skill with all the time he had in prison. Other examples how this quote held legiti mate throughout the story was that he knowing the â€Å"language” of rugby. Learning to understand and care rugby early on man in prison really ended up helping a drawing card in the long run.I totally harbour that when you find a common touch amongst enemies it is easier to get in touch and that is exactly what he did when he used the sport of rugby to unite a nation. The sport was more in-chief(postnominal) than I first presumed It to be. At first I believed the game to Just be a game. Unlike Mandela I did not see the correlation between rugby and unification If the races, especially when black South Africans would always root for whatever group there country was playing. I think another great thing I got from this book was that he was not only a great him they could tell there was something about him.He Just had this way of neglecting with all types of people and a recurring content amongst these interactions was that he had this smile. This smile that Just won o ver the world in my opinion. This quick gesture spoke a multitude to me, how does one go through all he did and still come out smiling. I believe many people saw this and this was part why they swear him as a leader. He was a symbol of hope to many and though not all will agree, I believe his actions say so more more than any media coverage can. Mandela did something no one else would probably of been able to achieve.To say this book as a great read would be an understatement. This was one of the most inspirational stories I vex read and I am glad that I read this. I went to this little jut out not really expecting to take anything from it, instead I came out with a new perspective of not just this great man, but also on the contrive I live and the situations I deal with in my own life. This really make any problem I have dealt with Just feel insignificant but I mean that in a good way. Now I feel more encouraged to turn my trials and tribulations into efficacy much as my ne w idol Nelson Mandela did.\r\n'

'Miguel Street Essay\r'

'Discuss the representation of military personnel and hu worldly concernness in the 2 condensed stories of Miguel Street. On Miguel Street, the representation of man and man lout can be seen negatively in these two short stories” â€Å"Bogart” and â€Å"A social occasion without a name”. Where as a man’s manhood is considered tough if certain citationistics such as aggression, evading the law and their present living circumstances. The story nigh Bogart illustrates where his manhood being threaten where as Bogart is unable to father a claw by his Tunapuna married woman so he finds a means to escape this difficulty. He goes elsewhere, run a â€Å" racy-class” brothel, meets another(prenominal) woman and successfully impregnates. Once he has achieved his goal of proving his virility, he may sink to Miguel Street although he returns as a bigamist as Hat would say â€Å"To be a man, among we man”.\r\nHe would today be seen as a high stan ding man of the community, playing with the contact children and giving them parties, which is a vastly distinct from the life he once had by pretending to be a foreshorten but now is seen The main character in â€Å"A thing without a name â€Å" Popo is a carpenter by profession but he is not considered a man among his peers as his wife was the main breadwinner of the family which did not bothered him as he would continue to make â€Å"a thing without a name”. This but changed when Popo wife left him for another man, it is thus that he was accepted as â€Å" angiotensin converting enzyme of the gang â€Å"within Miguel Street, as they could connect to his pain and heart ache. His man hood was however bruised by the separation of his wife , so he would then retaliate by fighting the other man and going to prison, which eventually made him an champion on Miguel street.\r\n'

'Elimination of Television Jerry Mander Essay\r'

'Four Arguments for the Elimination of television Jerry Mander thinks that with idiot box â€Å"there is ideology in the technology itself. ” The four claims in this particular term atomic number 18 that: (1) tv itself had come to secure the passel who use it, (2) the forms by which it is employ, (3) its exercise on people, (4) as well as the other significant outcomes that may by and by come from its use. He argued that television is a medium or a authority through which people derive, fulfill, and build ideas from.\r\nHe used parallelism in his quarrel or rebuttal phone line when he identicalned television to the army. The army’s commandment is to fight wars that necessitate fighting, killing, defeating and winning oer the enemy. It does not follow that the generals chosen to top the army argon the kind natural to fight and kill, the same way that television was not conceived to breed the kind of people who sop up it. In the concept of the automobi les, he used the climatic word revise in his narrative pedigree.\r\nHe enumerated the consequences of the craft of the automobile, the need for gas, oil to source it, refineries to process the oil, stations to pump gas into the car. Mander used emotive language in his causal argument to emphasize the tilt cars brought to people, like when â€Å"they evolved into car people …. Cars replaced human feet. ” Television like the automobile triggers a parcel of reaction from its existence and subsequent use.\r\nAdvertisements are made on television because consumers watch TV, manufacturers make big sales because their products are advertised, and the line goes on. This argument is related to Mander’s press on Advertising. The evaluative argument on the comparison of television to advertizement used a balanced destine with equal and parallel ideas, when Mander wrote that advertising was â€Å" intentional to persuade and dominate by engaged in people’s cerebration patterns.\r\n” Television for its part has a warm influence on people to take a side of an issue, or to change their minds on others. In his concluding argument he takes the strong position of acquire rid of television quickly if ours is to be restored to a sensible and rational and undogmatic society basis the above reasons. informant Mander, Jerry. (1978). Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television. Harper Perennial.\r\n'

'Art and Culture Essay\r'

' maneuver and finale be two terms which arse never be separated and are deep interlinked. nontextual matter refers to the quality, creation, appearance, or realm, based on esthetics of what is beautiful, appealing, or is completely out of the ordinary. Art has legion(predicate) facets like theatre, paintings, music and other kinds of visual and move up stratagem. It has been seen that contrary cultures have different kinds of stratagem because finesse of a country always reflects its culture, traditions and norms. The thoughts, ideas, rules & routines and celebrated signs and symbols common among the people of an area are displayed d unmatched art. A particular culture develops gradually and if its components are embedded in a family, generation or several generation this culture becomes permanent and its phraseology and traditions become an imperative part of the society. By language, one does not only mean verbal phraseology of people to communicate but it in l ike manner path communication through music, poetry, architecture etc.\r\nThese pagan representatives show both meaning and cling to of art creation and more deeply the reason and value for the civilization taking place at that time. from each one kind of art is an expression; it is the expression of human beings beings who exist as a part of culture. Therefore, culture and art go posture by side and cannot be deemed as completely different phenomena. American culture and art have an old bondage. begin Art became popular extending from America to all everywhere the universe in 1950’s and 60’and nowadays became a very popular and widely certain image of a modern America. restorative Art incorporates hard edges and displays the real life style. Warhol who is considered to be the drive of lead off Art created and popularized its concept; pop art is a representative of the cultural aspects of society and is also deemed as abstract expressionism (Mamiya, 1992) .\r\nThe signs, symbols and artifacts represented by Pop Art are based on genuine American culture rooting from history. Another mannequin is the local cultural activities that take place in the form of theatre, musical shows and dance. The visitors from all over the world come to enjoy the cultural activities at different venues in New York and Chicago such as Dallas Museum of Art, M Morton H. Meyerson Symphony meaning and the Nasher Sculpture Center (Sherman, 2009). These activities are a true depiction of the American society and portray its traditions, values, norms and preferences in the form of art.\r\nReferences\r\nMamiya, C. J. (1992). Pop art and consumer culture: American super market. CA: University of Texas Press Sherman, L. (2009). America’s Cultural touristry Capitals. Retrived 21st March 2013 from: http://www.forbes.com/2009/08/20/america-culture-capitals-lifestyle-travel-arts.html\r\n'

'How unemployment is individual and social problem Essay\r'

'In this strain I will discuss how unemployment is an respective(prenominal) and a kindly riddle and how Max weber heroic situation, authority and coercion and how the functionalist, engagement theorizer and exemplary interaction opening opine the rescue and by the mid century how they have bourgeond and the role of these theories to justify social and economic phenomenon. How unemployment is respective(prenominal) and social problem Unemployment is ca exercised by m any(prenominal) factors in a innovative marketplace economy.\r\nIt house be caused by speedy technological change, business cycle or recessions, seasonal factors in some industries particularly such as changes in tastes and climatic conditions which affects demand for sure products and services, various(prenominal) lores and willingness to become and search for rail lines, their values and attitudes towards some jobs and active employers, accessibility for retraining and acquisition of have ski lls, willingness and percept of slothful of the benefits of training and the possibility for them to get a job after the training scour though they have a chance to get a job, discrimination in the spend a pennyplace based on race, color. religion, ethnicity, age and class.\r\nIt bunghole be suss outn from the above causes unemployment in a particular period asshole be a combination of caused by social factors and how the economy as a social unit works and withal due to the subjective individual factors. In a sociological point of view according to functionalist and run afoul theorizers the unemployment is caused primarily by the social factors than by the individual factors. until now according to Max Weber and emblematical interaction theories individuals construct their testify social constructs and perception and they nominate be subjective in their doings and there fore can become unemployed even though the actual condition they can get a job in the job market.\r \nIn summary applying the sociological and the primary causes of unemployment unemployment is individual as considerably as a social problem in a market economy. As discussed above it is caused by the society as comfortably as by individuals. Even the economy or societal factors are not present unemployment can be caused by individual perception and their own subjective behavior. . Max Weber’s musical note among power, authority and coercion Power can be defined as one person’s ability to submit early(a)s does what ever they want even though they don’t like to do what is demanded and they resist doing what is demanded. For type a professor can influence the students to assign work and demand them to do to satisfy some criteria.\r\nAs well a dictator like Hitler can control finish uply aspects of life because of this ability to impose his will on majority of batch. In other words a person or group on other person or other groups can use power legitimatel y or illegitimately. That is power indigence not come from proper authority or legitimate authority. That is power and authority can be different in this respect. According to Max Weber authority can acquire from tradition, charisma of certain mesomorphic people or from legal-rational. That is authority convey not come from any logical creator but likely to come from respect for the past. For example a monarchy in Western Europe can get authority because they ruled the populace oer a long period of clock time.\r\nEven the traditionalistic authority can exist in upstart democracies because the people respect the monarchy or authority of monarchy at least in a limited typic head of states in Western Europe. Authority as well can arise from charisma of some powerful people. They have authority because of their charisma. This arises because they have the ability to forego a vast number of people for a particular cause using their powerful turn and influence over ordinary peo ple. For example Martin Luther King, Gandhi. Nelson Mandela is the new examples of magnetized authority they had because of their ability to charm and influence a vast majority of people for a particular cause. Authority also can arise from legal-rational. That is in society authority is given to individuals and establishment based on rationally enacted laws and regulations.\r\nThis authority is nonpersonal and differs from charismatic authority because the legal-rational authority is impersonal and the charismatic authority is personal and admired by the people who accept that authority. In modern societies the authority is derived from the legal-rational compared to charismatic and traditional in varying degrees in industrialized societies in particular. compulsion is the extreme manifestation of power in a way threatens the person to complete obedience because it threatens the person coerced physically, financially and socially. This results in persons following(a) the autho rity of another because of fear rather than will.\r\nCoercion is mostly linked with abuse and conflict. Coercion exists in many dictatorships in the past as well as in the present world in many parts of the world where citizens are pressure to follow the regime of dictatorship. The view of the economy in the military positions of functionalist, conflict theorists and symbolic interaction theory Functionalist perspective of the economy In the perspective of functionalist sociological theorist social dusts including economy works like a biological organism where every part of the arranging work in a united mien so that smooth functioning is maintained and so that society builds consensus between different parts of the system..\r\nIn this change is evolutionary and the changes generate place to smirch dysfunction and to enhance the stability and its survival in the coming(prenominal). In this respect Capitalism will not collapse and will endure in the future as the functions of the system will adjust and evolve so that it maintains the social assemble and stability without any radical overhaul of the economic system. In step-up the social, legal, political, religious systems will not be in conflict with the economic system and work in unison with the economic system so the whole social organism survive and social order is maintained and their functions and their purpose even though different work as a unified system.\r\nAs discussed above this is the functionalist view of the economy. Conflict theorist view of the economy In contrast conflict theorist believe society do not work as a unified system. Conflict and repugn take place as different groups work to maximize their benefit in the same time other groups loose. Functionalist view conflict in a negative manner. However the conflict theorist see the conflict to some extent is beneficial as it forces the parties to come to a common ground and get through the economic system or the social system to c hange for the better and minimize the losers and maximizing the benefits for a greater number of groups as well energize the power system in check so that abuse of power is minimized.\r\nIn this context the economic system and social order changes continually and changes take place and shaped by different rice beer groups in varying degrees in a market economy. However Marxism as a conflict theory predicts radical change to the economic system to light upon towards a socialist system it has not eventuated. However Max Weber as a conflict theory predicts the viability of the market economy with some illuminate to minimize the negative aspects of capitalism like delirium and the negative impact of bureaucracy in capitalist economies and more democracy in society and continual reform of the economic system to make it work efficiently but also effectively by legal, social and political reform appropriate to a countries historical, cultural, political and social context.\r\n'

'Prelude to Foundation Chapter 15 Undercover\r'

'DAVAN-… In the unsett lead snips marking the concluding centuries of the First astronomic conglomerate, the typical sources of unrest arose from the item that political and military leaders jockeyed for â€Å"supreme” superpower (a supremacy that grew much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) worthless(prenominal) with each(prenominal)(prenominal) decade). unaccompanied r arly was thither either(prenominal)thing that could be c al peerlessnessed a common cash in wholenesss chipsment prior to the advent of psycho narrative. In this connection, adept intriguing example involves Davan, of whom little is actu totallyy k come to the forerightn, nonwith rest who whitethorn dupe met with Hari Seldon at cardinalness c lip when…\r\nEncyclopedia Galactica\r\n72.\r\nBoth Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili had squandern rather tardy baths, qualification wont of the well-nighwhat primitive facilities purchas equal to them in the Tisalver ho practis ehold. They had changed their clothing and were in Seldons path when Jirad Tisalver re glum in the stilling. His signal at the door was (or call formed) rather timid. The go did non last long.\r\nSeldon opened the door and utter pleasantly, â€Å" replete(p) evening, get over Tisalver. And sporting brothel trammeler.”\r\nShe was hold show uping right buns her husband, forehead puckered into a puzzled fr let.\r\nTisalver tell tentatively, as though he was un reliable of the situation, â€Å"Are you and brothel keeper of plea accredited Venabili both well?” He n amusinged his head as though exhausting to elicit an affirmative by body language.\r\nâ€Å"Quite well. In and out of Billibotton without anaesthetize and were all swear outed and changed. Thithers no smell left.” Seldon dis straddle his chin as he state it, smiling, tossing the decry over Tisalvers shoulder to his wife. She sniffed loudly, as though scrutiny the matter.\r\nStill tent atively, Tisalver snuff it tongue to, â€Å"I tidy sumstairsstand thither was a stab competitiveness.”\r\nSeldon embossed his eyebrows. â€Å"Is that the story?”\r\nâ€Å"You and the tart against a cytosine thugs, we were cold, and you killed them all. Is that so?” T present was the reluctant buy the farm of deep respect in his voice.\r\nâ€Å"Absolutely non,” Dors shake off in with sudden annoyance. â€Å"Thats ridiculous. What do you infer we be? Mass murderers? And do you think a hundred thugs would remain in place, delay the considerable time it would reappearance me-us-to kill them all? I consider, think about it.”\r\nâ€Å"Thats what theyre sho take ing,” verbalise Casilia Tisalver with shrill firmness. â€Å"We empennaget drive home that select of thing in this ho practise.”\r\nâ€Å"In the first place,” tell Seldon, â€Å"it wasnt in this house. In the second, it wasnt a hundred men, it was ten. In the third, no one was killed. T here(predicate) was well-nigh fracas clog up and forth, after which they left and made representation for us.”\r\nâ€Å"They just made panache. Do you expect me to c onceive that, Ou devilrlders?” demanded Mistress Tisalver belligerently.\r\nSeldon sighed. At the slightest stress, gay macrocosms seemed to divide themselves into unfitting groups. He give tongue to, â€Å"Well, I grant you one of them was neck a little. Not seriously.”\r\nâ€Å"And you werent hurt at all?” verbalise Tisalver. The admiration in his voice was more marked.\r\nâ€Å"Not a scratch,” utter Seldon. â€Å"Mistress Venabili handles 2 knives excellently well.”\r\nâ€Å"I d ar vex forward,” give tongue to Mistress Tisalver, her eyes dropping to Dorss belt, â€Å"and thats non what I destiny to retain firing on here.” Dors utter sternly, â€Å"As long as no one attacks us here, thats what you wont de al here.”\r\nâ€Å" b atomic upshot 18ly on account of you,” say Mistress Tisalver, â€Å"we have trash from the street standing at the door personal manner.”\r\nâ€Å"My love,” verbalize Tisalver soothingly, â€Å" permit us non anger-â€Å"\r\nâ€Å" wherefore?” spat his wife with contempt. â€Å"Are you panic-stricken of her knives? I would deal to see her use them here.”\r\nâ€Å"I have no intention of using them here,” express Dors with a sniff as loud as either that Mistress Tisalver had produced. â€Å"What is this trash from the street youre talking about?”\r\nTisalver verbalize, â€Å"What my wife remembers is that an urchin from Billibotton-at least, judging by his appearance- desirees to see you and we atomic number 18 not accustomed to that divide of thing in this neighborhood. It undermines our standing.” He legaled apologetic.\r\nSeldon utter, â€Å"Well, professional Tisalver, well go outsi de, as certain out what its all about, and send him on his business as quickly-â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"No. Wait,” said Dors, annoyed. â€Å"These argon our rooms. We cave in for them. We decide who visits us and who does not. If on that point is a child wish well man outside from Billibotton, he is as yet a pigeon-pea plantite. to a greater extent important, hes a Trantorian. Still more important, hes a citizen of the Empire and a human world. to the highest degree important, by asking to see us, he be get it ons our guest. Therefore, we dupe him in to see us.”\r\nMistress Tisalver didnt move. Tisalver himself seemed uncertain.\r\nDors said, â€Å"Since you say I killed a hundred bullies in Billibotton, you surely do not think I am panic-stricken of a boy or, for that matter, of you devil.” Her right hand dropped nervelessly to her belt.\r\nTisalver said with sudden energy, â€Å"Mistress Venabili, we do not intend to offend you. Of course these rooms be yours and you privy entertain whom eer you wish here.” He stepped back, drag his indignant wife with him, under leaving a burst of solving for which he ability conceivably have to pay afterward. Dors looked after them sternly.\r\nSeldon smiled dryly. â€Å"How unlike you, Dors. I pur vision I was the one who quixotically got into c ar and that you were the calm and interoperable one whose exactly aim was to prevent trouble.”\r\nDors agitate her head. â€Å"I hobot bear to realize a human being spoken of with contempt just because of his group identification-even by other human beings. Its these hefty battalion here who create those hooligans out at that place.”\r\nâ€Å"And other respectable people,” said Seldon, â€Å"who create these respectable people. These mutual animosities are as much(prenominal)(prenominal) a part of humanity-â€Å"\r\nâ€Å" accordinglyce youll have to deal with it in your psychohistory, wont you?”\r\nà ¢â‚¬Å"Most certainly-if in that respect is ever a psychohistory with which to deal with anything at all.-Ah, here beats the urchin under discussion. And its Raych, which roundhow doesnt surprise me.”\r\n73.\r\nRaych entered, face about, all the vogue intimidated. The forefinger of his right hand r from each o destiny for his upper lip as though wondering when he would acquire to feel the first downy hairs there.\r\nHe turned to the clearly outraged Mistress Tisalver and bowed clumsily. â€Å" give thanks ya, Missus. Ya got a lovely place.”\r\nThen, as the door slammed fag him, he turned to Seldon and Dors with an air of easy connoisseurship. â€Å" gracious place, guys.”\r\nâ€Å"Im glad you like it,” said Seldon solemnly. â€Å"How did you k forthwith we were here?”\r\nâ€Å"Followed ya. Howd ya think? Hey, noblewoman”-he turned to Dors-â€Å"you dont repugn like no dame.”\r\nâ€Å"Have you watched many dames fight?” a sked Dors, am utilise.\r\nRaych rubbed his nose, â€Å"No, never seen none whatever. They dont carry knives, except little ones to die kids with. Never scared me.”\r\nâ€Å"Im sure they didnt. What do you do to nurse dames draw their knives?”\r\nâ€Å"Nothin. You just kid more or less a little. You holler, ‘Hey, lady, lemme-‘ ” He theory about it for a moment and said, â€Å"Nothin.”\r\nDors said, â€Å"Well, dont try that on me.”\r\nâ€Å"Ya kiddin? After what ya did to Marron? Hey, lady, whered you date to fight that way?”\r\nâ€Å"On my own world.”\r\nâ€Å"Could ya larn me?”\r\nâ€Å"Is that what you came here to see me about?”\r\nâ€Å"Akchaly, no. I came to bring ya a kind of message.”\r\nâ€Å"From someone who wishings to fight me?”\r\nâ€Å"No one pauperisms to fight ya, lady. Listen, lady, ya got a account at once. Ein truthbody bonks ya. You just walk down anywhere in old Bi llibotton and all the guys put across step excursion and allow ya pass and grin and make sure they dont look cross-eyed at ya. Oh, lady, ya got it made. Thats wherefore he wants to see ya.”\r\nSeldon said, â€Å"Raych, just exactly who wants to see us?”\r\nâ€Å"Guy called Davan.”\r\nâ€Å"And who is he?”\r\nâ€Å"Just a guy. He lives in Billibotton and dont carry no dig.”\r\nâ€Å"And he corset alive, Raych?”\r\nâ€Å"He reads a lot and he dos the guys there when they get in trouble with the govment. They kinda precede him alone. He dont need no knife.”\r\nâ€Å"Why didnt he come himself, past(prenominal)?” said Dors. â€Å"Why did he send you?”\r\nâ€Å"He dont like this place. He says it makes him sick. He says all the people here, they lick the govments-” He paused, looked dubiously at the two Outworlders, and said, â€Å"Anyway, he wont come here. He said theyd let me in cause I was only a kid.â⠂¬Â He grinned. â€Å"They almost didnt, did they? I incriminate that lady there who looked like she was smellin somethin?” He stopped suddenly, abashed, and looked down at himself. â€Å"Ya dont get much chance to wash where I come from.”\r\nâ€Å"Its all right,” said Dors, smiling. â€Å"Where are we supposed to witness, then, if he wont come here? After all-if you dont mind-we dont feel like departure to Billibotton.”\r\nâ€Å"I told ya,” said Raych indignantly. â€Å"Ya get free dominate of Billibotton, I swear. Besides, where he lives no one get out bother ya.”\r\nâ€Å"Where is it?” asked Seldon.\r\nâ€Å"I abide take ya there. It aint far.”\r\nâ€Å"And why does he want to see us?” asked Dors.\r\nâ€Å"Dunno. precisely he says like this-” Raych half-closed his eyes in an confinement to withdraw. ” ‘Tell them I wanna see the man who talked to a Dahlite heatsinker like he was a human bei ng and the woman who beat Marron with knives and didnt kill him when she mighta do so. I think I got it right.”\r\nSeldon smiled. â€Å"I think you did. Is he set up for us now?”\r\nâ€Å"Hes waiting.”\r\nâ€Å"Then well come with you.” He looked at Dors with a trace of question in his eyes.\r\nShe said, â€Å"All right. Im willing. Perhaps it wont be a trap of some sort. Hope springs eternal-â€Å"\r\n74.\r\nThere was a pleasant glow to the evening light when they emerged, a faint violet touch and a pinkish frame in to the simulated sunset clouds that were scudding along. Dahl might have complaints of their treatment by the purple rulers of Trantor, moreover surely there was nonentity unseasonable with the weather the computers spun out for them.\r\nDors said in a low voice, â€Å"We seem to be celebrities. No slip ones mind about that.”\r\nSeldon brought his eyes down from the supposed flip out and was immediately certain of a fair-si zed gang somewhat the flatcar house in which the Tisalvers lived. E trulyone in the crowd stared at them intently. When it was clear that the two Outworlders had become advised of the attention, a low murmur ran through with(predicate) the crowd, which seemed to be on the point of breaking out into applause.\r\nDors said, â€Å" nictitationaneously I tramp see where Mistress Tisalver would find this annoying. I should have been a little more sympathetic.”\r\nThe crowd was, for the most part, poorly dressed and it was not hard to guess that many of the people were from Billibotton. On impulse, Seldon smiled and raised one hand in a mild greeting that was met with applause. One voice, muzzy in the safe anonymity of the crowd called out, â€Å"Can the lady show us some knife tricks?”\r\nWhen Dors called back, â€Å"No, I only draw in anger,” there was instant laughter. One man stepped forward. He was clearly not from Billibotton and bore no obvious mark of b eing a Dahlite. He had only a clear mustache, for one thing, and it was brown, not sour. He said, â€Å"Marlo Tanto of the ‘Trantorian HV News. Can we have you in focus for a bit for our periodical holocast?”\r\nâ€Å"No,” said Dors shortly. â€Å"No interviews.”\r\nThe newsperson did not budge. â€Å"I understand you were in a fight with a great many men in Billibotton-and won.” He smiled. â€Å"Thats news, that is.”\r\nâ€Å"No,” said Dors. â€Å"We met some men in Billibotton, talked to them, and then travel on. Thats all there is to it and thats all youre going to get.”\r\nâ€Å"Whats your name? You dont sound like a Trantorian.”\r\nâ€Å"I have no name.”\r\nâ€Å"And your chums name?”\r\nâ€Å"He has no name.”\r\nThe newsman looked annoyed, â€Å"Look, lady. Youre news and Im just trying to do my job.”\r\nRaych pulled at Dorss sleeve. She leaned down and listened to his earnest whi sper.\r\nShe nodded and straightened up again. â€Å"I dont think youre a newsman, Mr. Tanto. What I think you are is an gallant agent trying to make trouble for Dahl. There was no fight and youre trying to reconcile news concerning one as a way of justifying an lofty expedition into Billibotton. I wouldnt gentle here if I were you. I dont think youre very touristed with these people.”\r\nThe crowd had begun to mutter at Dorss first words. They grew louder now and began to drift, slowly and in a menacing way, in the direction of Tanto. He looked nervously round and began to move away.\r\nDors raised her voice. â€Å"Let him go. Dont anyone touch him. Dont give him any excuse to report violence.”\r\nAnd they parted before him.\r\nRaych said, â€Å"Aw, lady, you shoulda let them rough him up.”\r\nâ€Å"Bloodthirsty boy,” said Dors, â€Å"take us to this friend of yours.”\r\n75.\r\nThey met the man who called himself Davan in a room behind a dil apidated diner.\r\nFar behind.\r\nRaych led the way, once more showing himself as much at home in the burrows of Billibotton as a mole would be in tunnels underground in Helicon. It was Dors Venabili whose caution first manifested itself.\r\nShe stopped and said, â€Å"Come back, Raych. scarcely where are we going?”\r\nâ€Å"To Davan,” said Raych, looking exasperated. â€Å"I told ya.”\r\nâ€Å"But this is a deserted area. Theres no one living here.” Dors looked about with obvious distaste. The surroundings were exanimate and what light panels there were did not glower [ exactly] did so only dimly.\r\nâ€Å"Its the way Davan likes it,” said Raych. â€Å"Hes eternally ever-changing near, staying here, staying there. Ya know… changing around.”\r\nâ€Å"Why?” demanded Dors.\r\nâ€Å"Its safer, lady.”\r\nâ€Å"From whom?”\r\nâ€Å"From the govment.”\r\nâ€Å"Why would the governing want Davan?”\r\nà ¢â‚¬Å"I dunno, lady. Tell ya what. Ill tell ya where he is and tell ya how to go and ya go on alone-if ya dont want me to take ya.”\r\nSeldon said, â€Å"No, Raych, Im pretty sure well get lost without you. In fact, you had better wait till were through so you can lead us back.”\r\nRaych said at once, â€Å"Whats in it fme? Ya expect me to hang around when I get hungry?”\r\nâ€Å"You hang around and get hungry, Raych, and Ill buy you a big dinner. Anything you like.”\r\nâ€Å"Ya say that now. Mister. How do I know?”\r\nDorss hand flashed and it was retention a knife, blade exposed, â€Å"Youre not calling us liars, are you, Raych?”\r\nRaychs eyes opened wide. He did not seem frightened by the threat. He said, â€Å"Hey, I didnt see that. Do it again.”\r\nâ€Å"Ill do it afterward-if youre still here. other than”-Dors glared at him-â€Å"well report you down.”\r\nâ€Å"Aw, lady, come on,” said Raych. â€Å"Ya ain t gonna track me down. Ya aint that kind. But Ill be here.” He struck a pose. â€Å"Ya got my word.” And he led them onward in silence, though the sound of their shoes was hollow in the fatuous corridors.\r\nDavan looked up when they entered, a wild look that change intensity when he saw Raych.\r\nHe gestured quickly toward the two others-questioningly.\r\nRaych said, â€Å"These are the guys.” And, grinning, he left.\r\nSeldon said, â€Å"I am Hari Seldon. The young lady is Dors Venabili.” He regarded Davan curiously. Davan was swarthy and had the thick b leave out mustache of the Dahlite male, still in addition he had a stubble of beard. He was the first Dahlite whom Seldon had seen who had not been meticulously shaven. Even the bullies of Billibotton had been smooth of cheek and chin. Seldon said, â€Å"What is your name, sir?”\r\nâ€Å"Davan. Raych must have told you.”\r\nâ€Å"Your second name.”\r\nâ€Å"I am only Davan. Were you followed here, Master Seldon?”\r\nâ€Å"No, Im sure we werent. If we had, then by sound or sight, I expect Raych would have known. And if he had not, Mistress Venabili would have.”\r\nDors smiled slightly. â€Å"You have faith in me, Hari.”\r\nâ€Å"More all the time,” he said thoughtfully.\r\nDavan stirred uneasily. â€Å" thus far youve already been found.”\r\nâ€Å"Found?”\r\nâ€Å"Yes, I have perceive of this supposed newsman.”\r\nâ€Å"Already?” Seldon looked faintly surprised. â€Å"But I suspect he really was a newsman… and harmless. We tatted him an royal agent at Raychs suggestion, which was a corking idea. The surrounding crowd grew threatening and we got rid of him.”\r\nâ€Å"No,” said Davan, â€Å"he was what you called him. My people know the man and he does naturalize for the Empire.-But then you do not do as I do. You do not use a sullen name and change your place of abode. You go und er your own names, reservation no effort to remain undercover. You are Hari Seldon, the mathematician.”\r\nâ€Å"Yes, I am,” said Seldon. â€Å"Why should I invent a false name?”\r\nâ€Å"The Empire wants you, does it not?”\r\nSeldon shrugged. â€Å"I stay in places where the Empire cannot reach out to take me.”\r\nâ€Å"Not openly, only if the Empire doesnt have to work openly. I would urge you to disappear… really disappear.”\r\nâ€Å" same(p) you… as you say,” said Seldon looking about with an edge of distaste. The room was as dead as the corridors he had walked through. It was musty through and through and it was overwhelmingly depressing.\r\nâ€Å"Yes,” said Davan. â€Å"You could be useful to us.”\r\nâ€Å"In what way?”\r\nâ€Å"You talked to a young man named Yugo Amaryl.”\r\nâ€Å"Yes, I did.”\r\nâ€Å"Amaryl tells me that you can shout the future.”\r\nSeldon sighed heavi ly. He was tired of standing in this release room. Davan was sitting on a cushion and there were other cushions available, however they did not look clean. Nor did he wish to lean against the mildew-streaked wall.\r\nHe said, â€Å"Either you misunderstood Amaryl or Amaryl misunderstood me. What I have through is to parent that it is possible to choose first conditions from which historical forecasting does not descend into chaotic conditions, but can become pretendable within limits. However, what those starting conditions might be I do not know, nor am I sure that those conditions can be found by any one person-or by any number of people-in a finite continuance of time. Do you understand me?”\r\nâ€Å"No.”\r\nSeldon sighed again. â€Å"Then let me try once more. It is possible to predict the future, but it whitethorn be impossible to find out how to take advantage of that possibility. Do you understand?”\r\nDavan looked at Seldon darkly, then at Dors. â€Å"Then you cant predict the future.”\r\nâ€Å" at one time you have the point, Master Davan.”\r\nâ€Å"Just call me Davan. But you may be able to learn to predict the future someday.”\r\nâ€Å"That is conceivable.”\r\nâ€Å"Then thats why the Empire wants you.”\r\nâ€Å"No,” Seldon raised his finger didactically. â€Å"Its my idea that that is why the Empire is not making an overwhelming effort to get me. They might like to have me if I can be picked up without trouble, but they know that right now I know nothing and that it is therefore not worth upsetting the delicate peace of Trantor by interfering with the local rights of this vault of heaven or that. Thats the reason out I can move about under my own name with reasonable security.”\r\nFor a moment, Davan hide his head in his hands and muttered, â€Å"This is madness.” Then he looked up wearily and said to Dors, â€Å"Are you Master Seldons wife?”\r\nDors said calmly, â€Å"I am his friend and protector.”\r\nâ€Å"How well do you know him?”\r\nâ€Å"We have been unneurotic for some months.”\r\nâ€Å"No more?”\r\nâ€Å"No more.”\r\nâ€Å"Would it be your opinion he is speaking the truth?”\r\nâ€Å"I know he is, but what reason would you have to trust me if you do not trust him? If Hari is, for some reason, lying to you, might I not be lying to you equally in order to represent him?”\r\nDavan looked from one to the other helplessly. Then he said, â€Å"Would you, in any case, help us?”\r\nâ€Å"Who are ‘us and in what way do you need help?”\r\nDavan said, â€Å"You see the situation here in Dahl. We are oppressed. You must know that and, from your treatment of Yugo Amaryl, I cannot believe you lack sympathy for us.”\r\nâ€Å"We are fully sympathetic.”\r\nâ€Å"And you must know the source of the oppression.”\r\nâ€Å"You are going to tell me that i ts the Imperial government, I suppose, and I dare say it plays its part. On the other hand, I notice that there is a middle class in Dahl that despises the heatsinkers and a criminal class that terrorizes the rest of the celestial sphere.”\r\nDavans lips tightened, but he remained unmoved. â€Å"Quite true. Quite true. But the Empire encourages it as a matter of principle. Dahl has the potential for making serious trouble. If the heatsinkers should go on relate, Trantor would experience a severe energy shortage almost at once… with all that that implies. However, Dahls own upper classes will spend money to hire the hoodlums of Billibotton-and of other places-to fight the heatsinkers and break the strike. It has happened before. The Empire allows some Dahlites to prosper-comparatively-in order to modify them into Imperialist lackeys, while it refuses to enforce the arms-control laws effectively copious to weaken the criminal element.\r\nâ€Å"The Imperial government does this everywhere-and not in Dahl alone. They cant exert force to chitchat their will, as in the old days when they rule with brutal directness. Nowadays, Trantor has grown so complex and so easily disturbed that the Imperial forces must keep their hands off-â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"A form of degeneration,” said Seldon, memory board Hummins complaints.\r\nâ€Å"What?” said Davan.\r\nâ€Å"Nothing,” said Seldon. â€Å"Go on.”\r\nâ€Å"The Imperial forces must keep their hands off, but they find that they can do much even so. Each sector is encouraged to be suspicious of its neighbors. Within each sector, economic and social classes are encouraged to net income a kind of war with each other. The extend is that all over Trantor it is impossible for the people to take united action. Everywhere, the people would rather fight each other than make a common stand against the central tyranny and the Empire rules without having to exert force.”\r\nâ€Å"An d what,” said Dors, â€Å"do you think can be done about it?”\r\nâ€Å"Ive been trying for years to build a timbre of solidarity among the peoples of Trantor.”\r\nâ€Å"I can only suppose,” said Seldon dryly, â€Å"that you are finding this an impossibly difficult and generally thankless task.”\r\nâ€Å"You suppose correctly,” said Davan, â€Å"but the troupe is growing strengtheneder. Many of our knifers are coming to the realization that knives are best when they are not used on each other. Those who attacked you in the corridors of Billibotton are examples of the unconverted. However, those who alimentation you now, who are ready to defend you against the agent you thought was a newsman, are my people. I live here among them. It is not an attractive way of life, but I am safe here. We have adherents in coterminous sectors and we spread daily.”\r\nâ€Å"But where do we come in?” asked Dors.\r\nâ€Å"For one thing,† said Davan, â€Å"both of you are Outworlders, scholars. We need people like you among our leaders. Our greatest strength is worn from the poor and the uneducated because they suffer the most, but they can lead the least. A person like one of you two is worth a hundred of them.”\r\nâ€Å"Thats an odd estimate from someone who wishes to rescue the oppressed,” said Seldon.\r\nâ€Å"I dont mean as people,” said Davan hastily. â€Å"I mean as far as leadership is concerned. The troupe must have among its leaders men and women of reason power.”\r\nâ€Å"People like us, you mean, are needed to give your party a veneer of respectability.”\r\nDavan said, â€Å"You can always put something noble in a haughty fashion if you try. But you, Master Seldon, are more than respectable, more than intellectual. Even if you wont admit to being able to penetrate the mists of the future-â€Å"\r\nâ€Å"Please, Davan,” said Seldon, â€Å"dont be poetic an d dont use the conditional. Its not a matter of admitting. I cant prognosticate the future. Those are not mists that block the view but chrome steel barriers.”\r\nâ€Å"Let me finish. Even if you cant in truth predict with-what do you call it?-psychohistorical accuracy, youve studied history and you may have a certain transcendent feeling for consequences. Now, isnt that so?”\r\nSeldon shook his head. â€Å"I may have a certain intuitive brain for mathematical likelihood, but how far I can translate that into anything of historical significance is quite uncertain. Actually, I have not studied history. I wish I had. I feel the loss corkingly.”\r\nDors said evenly, â€Å"I am the historian, Davan, and I can say a few things if you wish.”\r\nâ€Å"Please do,” said Davan, making it half a courtesy, half a challenge.\r\nâ€Å"For one thing, there have been many revolutions in Galactic history that have overthrown tyrannies, sometimes on individual( a) planets, sometimes in groups of them, occasionally in the Empire itself or in the pre-Imperial regional governments. Often, this has only meant a change in tyranny. In other words, one ruling class is re hardened by another-sometimes by one that is more efficient and therefore still more capable of maintaining itself-while the poor and downtrodden remain poor and downtrodden or become even worse off.”\r\nDavan, listening intently, said, â€Å"Im aware of that. We all are. Perhaps we can learn from the onetime(prenominal) and know better what to avoid. Besides, the tyranny that now exists is actual. That which may exist in the future is merely potential. If we are always to draw back from change with the thought that the change may be for the worse, then there is no hope at all of ever escaping injustice.”\r\nDors said, â€Å"A second point you must remember is that even if you have right on your side, even if justice thunders condemnation, it is usually the tyranny in earthly concern that has the balance of force on its side. There is nothing your knife handlers can do in the way of rioting and demonstrating that will have any invariable effect as long as, in the extremity, there is an army equipped with kinetic, chemical, and neurological weapons that is willing to use them against your people. You can get all the downtrodden and even all the respectables on your side, but you must somehow win over the security forces and the Imperial army or at least seriously weaken their devotion to the rulers.”\r\nDavan said, â€Å"Trantor is a multigovernmental world. Each sector has its own rulers and some of them are themselves anti-Imperial. If we can have a strong sector on our side, that would change the situation, would it not? We would then not be merely ragamuffins fighting with knives and stones.”\r\nâ€Å"Does that mean you do have a strong sector on your side or merely that it is your ambitiousness to have one?”\r\nDav an was silent.\r\nDors said, â€Å"I shall assume that you are thinking of the Mayor of Wye. If the Mayor is in the idea to make use of popular discontent as a way of improving the chance of toppling the Emperor, doesnt it strike you that the end the Mayor would have in view would be that of succeeding to the Imperial throne? Why should the Mayor risk his present not-inconsiderable position for anything less? Merely for the blessings of justice and the decent treatment of people, concerning whom he can have little interest?”\r\nâ€Å"You mean,” said Davan, â€Å"that any powerful leader who is willing to help us may then betray us.”\r\nâ€Å"It is a situation that is all too common in Galactic history.”\r\nâ€Å"If we are ready for that, might we not betray him?”\r\nâ€Å"You mean, make use of him and then, at some crucial moment, subvert the leader of his forces-or a leader, at any rate-and have him assassinated?”\r\nâ€Å"Not perhaps ex actly like that, but some way of getting rid of him might exist if that should prove necessary.”\r\nâ€Å"Then we have a revolutionary bm in which the principal players must be ready to betray each other, with each simply waiting for the opportunity. It sounds like a recipe for chaos.”\r\nâ€Å"You will not help us, then?” said Davan.\r\nSeldon, who had been listening to the deputize between Davan and Dors with a puzzled frown on his face, said, â€Å"We cant put it that simply. We would like to help you. We are on your side. It seems to me that no sane man wants to uphold an Imperial system that maintains itself by fostering mutual annoyance and suspicions. Even when it seems to work, it can only be set forth as meta-stable; that is, as too apt to root into instability in one direction or another. But the question is: How can we help? If I had psychohistory, if I could tell what is most likely to happen, or if I could tell what action of a number of pick possibilities is most likely to bring on an apparently happy consequence, then I would put my abilities at your disposal.-But I dont have it. I can help you best by trying to rail psychohistory.”\r\nâ€Å"And how long will that take?”\r\nSeldon shrugged. â€Å"I cannot say.”\r\nâ€Å"How can you ask us to wait indefinitely?”\r\nâ€Å"What alternative do I have, since I am nugatory to you as I am? But I will say this: I have until very recently been quite convinced that the development of psychohistory was short impossible. Now I am not so certain of that.”\r\nâ€Å"You mean you have a solution in mind?”\r\nâ€Å"No, merely an intuitive feeling that a solution might be possible. I have not been able to pin down what has occurred to make me have that feeling. It may be an illusion, but I am trying. Let me continue to try.-Perhaps [then well] meet again.”\r\nâ€Å"Or perhaps,” said Davan, â€Å"if you return to where you are no w staying, you will eventually find yourself in an Imperial trap. You may think that the Empire will leave you alone while you struggle with psychohistory, but I am certain the Emperor and his toady Demerzel are in no mood to wait forever, any more than I am.”\r\nâ€Å"It will do them no good to hasten,” said Seldon calmly, â€Å"since I am not on their side, as I am on yours.-Come, Dors.”\r\nThey turned and left Davan, sitting alone in his squalid room, and found Raych waiting for them outside.\r\n76.\r\nRaych was eating, licking his fingers, and crumpling the dish antenna in which the food-whatever it was-had been. A strong smell of onions pervaded the air-different somehow, yeast-based perhaps.\r\nDors, retreating a little from the odor, said, â€Å"Where did you get the food from, Raych?”\r\nâ€Å"Davans guys. They brought it to me. Davans okay.”\r\nâ€Å"Then we dont have to buy you dinner, do we?” said Seldon, conscious of his own empt y stomach.\r\nâ€Å"Ya owe me somethin,” said Raych, looking covetously in Dorss direction. â€Å"How about the ladys knife? One of em.”\r\nâ€Å"No knife,” said Dors. â€Å"You get us back safely and Ill give you vanadium credits.”\r\nâ€Å"Cant get no knife for five credits,” grumbled Raych.\r\nâ€Å"Youre not getting anything but five credits,” said Dors.\r\nâ€Å"Youre a ill-gotten dame, lady,” said Raych.\r\nâ€Å"Im a lousy dame with a quick knife, Raych, so get moving.”\r\nâ€Å"All right. Dont get all perspired.” Raych waved his hand. â€Å"This way.”\r\nIt was back through the empty corridors, but this time Dors, looking this way and that, stopped. â€Å"Hold on, Raych. Were being followed.”\r\nRaych looked exasperated. â€Å"Ya aint supposed to go out em.”\r\nSeldon said, bending his head to one side, â€Å"I dont hear anything.”\r\nâ€Å"I do,” said Dors. â€Å"Now, Raych , I dont want any fooling around. You tell me right now whats going on or Ill rap your head so that you wont see straight for a week. I mean it.”\r\nRaych held up one arm defensively. â€Å"You try it, you lousy dame. You try it. Its Davans guys. Theyre just taking care of us, in case any knifers come along.”\r\nâ€Å"Davans guys?”\r\nâ€Å"Yeah. Theyre goin along the swear out corridors.”\r\nDorss right hand shot out and seized Raych by the scruff of his upper garment. She upraised and he dangled, shouting, â€Å"Hey, lady. Hey!”\r\nSeldon said, â€Å"Dors! Dont be hard on him.”\r\nâ€Å"Ill be harder still if I think hes lying. Youre my charge, Hari, not he.”\r\nâ€Å"Im not lyin,” said Raych, struggling. â€Å"Im not.”\r\nâ€Å"Im sure he isnt,” said Seldon.\r\nâ€Å"Well, well see. Raych, tell them to come out where we can see them.” She let him drop and dusted her hands.\r\nâ€Å"Youre some kind of n ut, lady,” said Raych aggrievedly. Then he raised his voice. â€Å"Yay, Davan! Come out here, some of ya guys!”\r\nThere was a wait and then, from an unlit opening along the corridor, two dark-mustached men came out, one with a scar lead the length of his cheek. Each held the sheath of a knife in his hand, blade withdrawn.\r\nâ€Å"How many more of you are there?” asked Dors harshly.\r\nâ€Å"A few,” said one of the newcomers. â€Å"Orders. Were guarding you. Davan wants you safe.”\r\nâ€Å" convey you. Try to be even quieter. Raych, keep on moving.”\r\nRaych said sulkily, â€Å"Ya roughed me up when I was telling the truth.”\r\nâ€Å"Youre right,” said Dors. â€Å"At least, I think youre right… and I apologize.”\r\nâ€Å"Im not sure I should accept,” said Raych, trying to stand tall. â€Å"But awright, just this once.” He moved on.\r\nWhen they reached the walkway, the unseen corps of guards vanished . At least, even Dorss keen ears could hear them no more. By now, though, they were moving into the respectable part of the sector.\r\nDors said thoughtfully, â€Å"I dont think we have clothes that would fit you, Raych.”\r\nRaych said, â€Å"Why do ya want clothes to fit me, Missus?” (Respectability seemed to invade Raych once they were out of the corridors.) â€Å"I got clothes.”\r\nâ€Å"I thought youd like to come into our place and take a bath.”\r\nRaych said, â€Å"What for? Ill wash one o these days. And Ill put on my other shirt.” He looked up at Dors shrewdly. â€Å"Youre sorry ya roughed me up. Right? Ya tryin to make up?”\r\nDors smiled. â€Å"Yes. Sort of.”\r\nRaych waved a hand in lordly fashion. â€Å"Thats all right. Ya didnt hurt. Listen. Youre strong for a lady. Ya lifted me up like I was nothin.”\r\nâ€Å"I was annoyed, Raych. I have to be concerned about Master Seldon.”\r\nâ€Å"Ya sort of his bodygua rd?” Raych looked at Seldon inquiringly. â€Å"Ya got a lady for a bodyguard?”\r\nâ€Å"I cant help it,” said Seldon smiling wryly. â€Å"She insists. And she certainly knows her job.”\r\nDors said, â€Å"Think again, Raych. Are you sure you wont have a bath? A sharp warm bath.”\r\nRaych said, â€Å"I got no chance. Ya think that lady is gonna let me in the house again?”\r\nDors looked up and saw Casilia Tisalver outside the front door of the apartment complex, staring first at the Outworld woman and then at the slum-bred boy. It would have been impossible to tell in which case her expression was angrier.\r\nRaych said, â€Å"Well, so long, Mister and Missus. I dont know if shell let either of ya in the house.” He placed his hands in his pocket and swaggered off in a fine affectation of carefree indifference.\r\nSeldon said, â€Å"Good evening, Mistress Tisalver. Its rather late, isnt it?”\r\nâ€Å"Its very late,” she re plied. â€Å"There was a near riot today outside this very complex because of that newsman you exhorted the street vermin at.”\r\nâ€Å"We didnt push anyone on anyone,” said Dors.\r\nâ€Å"I was there,” said Mistress Tisalver intransigently. â€Å"I saw it.” She stepped aside to let them enter, but delayed long enough to make her hesitation quite plain.\r\nâ€Å"She acts as though that was the last straw,” said Dors as she and Seldon made their way up to their rooms.\r\nâ€Å"So? What can she do about it?” asked Seldon.\r\nâ€Å"I wonder,” said Dors.\r\n'

'Investigate the Effect of Caffeine on the Heart Rate of Daphnia\r'

'Aim: In this prove we atomic number 18 trying to find out how varying the stringency of caffein can affect the ticker lay out of water flea wood pewee.Prediction: I predict that caffeine allow increase the punk drift of the half-pint.IntroductionI believe the results lead comply with my prediction. Caffeine is a compound raise in especially tea and chocolate plants and acts as a natural pesticide.Caffeine is a central aflutter system stimulant importee it increases the amount of neurotransmitters released weting java is a stimulant that affects the central skittish system by increasing its activity. In this feasible the caffeine should put one across a noniceable issuance on the core put of Daphnia as Daphnia absorbs chemicals present in the termination nigh it without selection. I also predict that at that place would be an increase in snapper compute at one time position in decaffeinated hot chocolate as decaffeinated coffee still has caffeine con tent but importantly lower per atomic number 12 than caffeinated coffee.However I testament sojourn the increase of sum of money stray of the culture fixed in caffeinated coffee to be significantly high(prenominal) than the culture placed in decaffeinated coffee. Daphnia: The fence Daphnia is used as the organism in this experimentation is due to its transpargonnt body which makes the heart visible. Daphnia is better than Brine shrimp because soak shrimp is non transp bent meaning heart rate has to be measured by find leg movement. Variables: The independent variant that we change. In this showcase it is the caffeine content.We would be experimenting with water, decaffeinated coffee and caffeinated coffee to expose and comp be its erect on the heart rate of Daphnia. The book for this experiment is a solution with no caffeine which allows us to see if the change in heart rate is due to the caffeine or other factors. To ensure that this experiment is a some(a)what te st only the concentration of the caffeine micturate be changed. Caffeine is the independent variable. I tried and true each particular concentration of caffeine 10 times.I decided this prior to the experiment because there was curb to results that are out of pattern so iterate this many times would eliminate systematic errors resulting in more accurate and reliable information. The dependant variable is the heart rate of the shrimp forget be measured over 10 seconds Ccontrol variables: These are variables that should be kept the very(prenominal). As a result the number other factors other than coffee content are limited. This is needed as the objective is to investigate the effects of caffeine content. The control variables ensure valid data.Volume of solution The time heartbeat is measured within Temperature: Daphnia may be very sensitive to the genus Oestrus therefore the kinetic energy given to them by heat could have effects on the heart rate. Same culture of Daphnia: To minimise hereditary differences. The size of the shrimp can change the layer of the effect of caffeine. The larger shrimp will have a lower heart rate. I will ensure this as best as possible by keeping the Daphnia in the same light intensity by shining a lamp directly at it.Preliminary experimentI did a preliminary experiment to familiarise myself with the methods so no time is superfluous during the actual experiment. It helped me identify the limitations in the experiment and how to fill the experiment appropriately. For example I noted not to add too much of each solution on the microscope as there will be a loss of surface tension and it will spill. I also learnt to not use the skid covers as they kill the Daphnia Analysis The mean heart rate of Daphnia shrimp placed in solution B is 26. 5% higher than the heart rate of the Daphnia placed in the control solution.Furthermore it is 1.9 % less(prenominal) than dissolvent A ( less difference than I predicted. From these re sults we can infer that Solution B is the solution containing decaffeinated coffee. This is because the mean heart rate is lower than caffeinated coffee and higher than the control solution. This is because decaffeinated coffee contains caffeine but significantly lower per milligram than caffeinated solution. However this Solution A, caffeinate coffee caused the daphnia heart rate to increase the most. This proves the hypothesis because the greater the caffeine content, the more neurotransmitters are released.The increase in this neural stimulation is interpreted as an emergency in organisms causing adrenaline to be released therefore heart rate increases. There still appears to be fluctuations that are probably caused by systematic errors. The data from shrimp placed in solution A (caffeinated coffee) has the superlative variation in results at 168 compared to solution B, 108. evaluation Reliability: My results appear fairly reliable because there is an obvious pattern occurs and it defys my prediction. The experiment was carried out as a blind trial whereby the solutions except for the control are unknown.This helps eliminate bias whereby I tangle with’t choose some results and ignore others to support my prediction making the results more reliable. Validity systematic errors could have caused this for example I did not give time for the Daphnia to absorb the solution in advance counting the heart rate. These factors could have also caused the fluctuations in the results so accuracy is questionable. The variation in caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee could have been caused by systematic errors. For example, the Daphnia could have already been dead.There was a significant drop in the midst of the eighth and ninth test of solution A ( around 54. 7%) I did not stockpile this because caffeine is a stimulant drug. This suggest that the shrimp have dissimilar tolerance towards caffeine and some may have been dying. Furthermore the heart rate of s ome shrimp could be distinctly different from the other shrimps as they were trying to escape the cotton wool fibres which requires more energy thus hear rate increases. This suggests that the culture of Daphnia used in the experiment could have contained shrimp that are different geezerhood and size.Although I tested each concentration 10 times, there is still a lot of division of the results. Water, on the other hand has the lowest variableness of only 60. The variability in the other table of contents are at 168 (caffeinated coffee) and 108 ( decaffeinated coffee) This could perhaps be the effect of other chemicals in caffeine which Daphnia are responsive to. Accuracy Certain methods of collecting data were not accurate therefore affecting the validity. For example, a random error such as not tapping the pen in the rhythm of the heartbeat alter the number of heart beats per minute.\r\n'

'Modern Relevance of “The Birthmark”\r'

' contemporary Relevance of â€Å"The Birthmark” â€Å"The Birthmark” is a manufacturing created by Hawthorne that conveys his viewpoint towards the use of science to rebut the laws of nature. The f subject also includes commentary on the word-painting of men and women in society, along with their presumed roles. Both of these themes in my opinion be thus far more relevant today than when the tier was written. Hawthorne disapproves of science used as a tool to tamper with living beings, for they are not meant to be perfect.This is illustrated in Georgiana’s wipeout after Aylmer attempts to experiment on her: â€Å"As the in conclusion crimson tint of the birthmarkâ€that sole particular of human imperfectionâ€faded from her cheek, the parting breathing spell of the now perfect woman passed into the atmosphere…”. The implied honorable is that attempting to contradict what is originally intended is unethical and give lead to disastrous results. Hawthorne uses the character Aylmer to exemplify the community who abuse science as a convey to control nature.In modern sciences, â€Å"controlling nature” has en sex activity the essence of the medical field, progressing to the extreme of cheating death. Hawthorne’s opinion is echoed in the controversies today regarding methods such as stem cell research or cloning, as common arguments point to its immorality and the stilltual disaster. The story is an exaggeration that was intended to be almost humorous, although I bank Hawthorne must have had the notion that his dread would someday become commonly practiced and even encouraged. The Birthmark” at a glance ability appear to be supporting the stereotypical gender roles of the era. Hawthorne portrays Aylmer as the pragmatic husband and leader, while Georgiana is his equilibrate as the obedient wife. However I recollect Hawthorne is using satire to imply just the opposite. Georgiana is deemed to be Aylmer’s intellectual equal; as she was able to read through his experiments and understand his successes and failures.She also understands Aylmer’s greatest flaw, which he himself can never comprehend, and that is his ill-starred strive for perfection: â€Å"With her whole life history she prayed that, for a single moment, she might satisfy his highest and deepest conception. Longer than wizard moment she well knew it could not be; for his spirit was ever on the march, ever ascending… requiring something that was beyond the scope of the instant before. ” Georgiana’s death in the end is the result of her choice to obey Aylmer, even though she knew of his insane obsession and faulty judgement.I believe Hawthorne is making a statement on the tomfoolery of intelligent women bending to the ridiculous whims of their husbands, while they’re perfectly capapble of making decisions themselves. This theme translates easily for more modern read ers who continue to resist the residual aspect of women being subordinate to men. The rigid role of a woman that Georgiana fits into is still recognizable to us, but it is the scholarship and the small streak of independence she possesses that we can cite to. In the end we lament that she did not back away a greater stand for herself, as more would have done today.\r\n'

'Why They Merged and Why the Merger Was Unsuccessful\r'

'In 1997 University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) merged its deuce public hospitals with Stanford’s twain private hospitals. The devil separate entities merged together to create a non-for- realize organization titled UCSF Stanford Health wield. The merger betwixt the health systems at UCSF and Stanford essaymed like a equit subject idea collectable to the similar missions, proximity of institutions, cast up financial pressure with cutbacks in Medicare reimbursements followed by a dramatic increase in managed care organizations.The commencement ceremony year UCSF Stanford Health Care produced a profit of $22 million, however three years afterwards the health system had lost a append of $176 million (â€Å"UCSF-Stanford nuclear fusion,” n. d. ). The first part of this writing forget address reasons why the two institutions decided to occupy the merger by looking through the nonional lens of jump rationality, prospect surmise and choice dependen ce theory (RDT). The second half of the paper will purpose reasons why the merger was unfulfilled by considering key concepts in organizational panache such as military force and goal.The threatening and timid m mavintary times led the leaders to take on the option that they believed maximized their chances for survival. The theory of bounded rationality, proposed by Herbert A. Simon, suggests that quite a little are macroly limited by time, schooling and cognitive limitations(Simon, 1997). The merger amid the two aesculapian schools seemed to make sense, both institutions overlapd a familiar mission of treating the uninsured, training the next generation of forward-looking doctors, and remain at the forefront of breaking question and technology.Since both were going to be competing for change magnitudely curious resources, joining forces made sense. Together they would be able to skip spending on administrative costs, and discover prepared to negotiate contacts with large insurance companies(â€Å"UCSF-Stanford Merger,” n. d. ). Simon suggests that people, bounded by time, cognitive ability and education, are to a greater extent seeming to make satisfactory decisions rather than best virtuosos(Simon, 1997).Instead of focusing time and energy outlining potential drop slipway to remain separate amongst the shifting payment grammatical construction UCSF and Stanford, both limited by time and majestic of the potential losses, agreed to merge. The merger was UCSF and Stanford’s way to mitigate risk and manage uncertainty. look theory is a behavioral economic theory developed by Daniel Kahneman that holds that people are more(prenominal) likely to take higher risks when decisions are framed in negative terms(Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). Although mergers are complex and risky the looming worry of decreased reimbursements made the leaders focus on the benefits of merging.Kahneman argues that people do not base their dec isions on final outcomes, instead they base their decisions on the potential value of losses and gains(Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). Instead of analyzing the risk of the merger, leading focused on the more pressing burden, the target line. To stay alive in the era of managed care, university hospitals crosswise the country were seeking mergers with private hospitals. Calculations baseed that hospitals lost $4 million annually for each 1 percentage drop in policy patient population(Etten, 1999).Since the 1990’s, indemnity insurance was on a drastic pass up in San Francisco paying the market for managed care organizations(Etten, 1999). RDT looks at how the behavior of organizations is affected by their external resources. The theory, brought about in the 1970s, addresses organizations demand for resources, resources and forefinger are now linked(Pfeffer & Salancik, 2003). RDT holds that organizations depend on resources thus the idea of merging, due to increasi ng resource scarcity, appealed to both institutions(Pfeffer & Salancik, 2003).On paper, the merger amidst these two institutions made sense †both institutions were bordering to sensation another and competing for diminishing resources. Together they could reduce administrative costs and join forces to negotiate with large insurance companies. The need to create a unused culture and dis make historically existent power struggles were two large tasks that needed to be communicate in order to ensure a thriving merger. However, the way in which the merger was organized did not lead to a palmy merger.UCSF Health Care did not spend adequate time creating a share culture in which the two organizations would see one joint organization with dual-lane power (resources). On paper both organizations agreed to share power, however both parties behavior showed otherwise. Dr. Rizk Norman, co-chair of the combined physician group of UCSF and Stanford faculty, attests that neithe r institution was ever golden enough to share financial information(â€Å"UCSF, Stanford hospitals save likewise different,” n. d. ). UCSF did not fully disclose their fiscal concerns regarding one of their sinking hospitals, while Stanford was also guilty of ithholding information (â€Å"UCSF, Stanford hospitals just too different,” n. d. ). Merging into one should stub out the sense of two separate entities, however not enough was through with(p) to shape the merger in such a way that facility and ply felt like equal partners. Loyalties existed within the organization, ascendant at the top with the Board of Directors. Structurally the control panel was split between vii Stanford board members and seven USCF board members and three non partisan members, however loyalties to ones picky institution never dissolved(â€Å"UCSF-Stanford Merger,” n. d. ).As outlined, RDT, holds that organizations depend on resources, which modernize from their environment. imaginativenesss are an organizations power used to compete in their environment. The two health systems shared an environment, thus competed with one another for power (resources) (â€Å"UCSF-Stanford Merger,” n. d. ). Because Stanford was a for-profit organization, they held more fiscal power over UCSF. Pfeffer and Salancik argue that the way to solve problems of uncertainty and interdependence is to increase coordination, more specifically, to increase shared control of each other’s activities(Pfeffer & Salancik, 2003).Had the two institutions worked from the beginning to increase coordination and communication between both institutions the merger whitethorn contribute more changes in succeeding. Increased coordination between the two institutions could have lead to the creation of a strong culture. burnish is the shared belief, expectations and values shared by members of an organization. (â€Å" hint by Leveraging Culture †Harvard job Review,” n. d. ). Employing a new culture starts from the top, management must deterrent example in accordance with the new culture.This was not done at UCSF Stanford Health Care due to existent loyalties. Adding to the culture struggle, the institutions were far enough away from one another to merit concern. For an organization to flow smoothly, tidy up communication channels need to be established. Without disperse communication and collaboration a shared culture cannot emerge. Weak cultures harm the workplace by increasing inefficiencies that lead to increased costs. UCSF Health Care theoretical account from the top down to create a shared culture.Had leadership spent adequate time addressing ways to dissolve existing power struggles, and creating a shared culture that would set the foundation to achieve a new-shared vision, the merger could have been successful. Engaging leaders in creating a strategic plan to merge two separate existing cultures would have encouraged them to show support and dissolve power struggles. Shared resources, open communication and a culture of oneness may have set the foundation for a successful merger between the two organizations. References Etten, P. V. (1999). Camelot or vernacular sense? The logic behind the UCSF/Stanford merger.Health Affairs, 18(2), 143â€148. inside:10. 1377/hlthaff. 18. 2. 143 Kahneman, D. , & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263. doi:10. 2307/1914185 Leading by Leveraging Culture †Harvard Business Review. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://hbr. org/product/leading-by-leveraging-culture/an/CMR260-PDF-ENG Pfeffer, J. , & Salancik, G. (2003). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. Stanford University Press. Simon, H. A. (1997). Models of Bounded Rationality, Vol. 3: Emperically Grounded Economic Reason.The MIT Press. UCSF-Stanford Merger: A Promising Venture. (n. d. ). SFGate. Retr ieved October 16, 2012, from http://www. sfgate. com/opinion/article/UCSF-Stanford-Merger-A-Promising-Venture-2975174. php#src=fb UCSF, Stanford hospitals just too different. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 16, 2012, from http://www. paloaltoonline. com/weekly/morgue/news/1999_Nov_3. HOSP03. hypertext markup language ———————†Fall 16 PM 827 A1 Strategic focus Of Healthcare Organizations UCSF Stanford Healthcare †wherefore They Merged and Why The Merger Was Unsuccessful Sofia Gabriela Walton Mini Exam #1 08\r\n'